Fig. 1
Lithium enrichment in Shanghai water environment. a Pie chart shows the sales of electric vehicle worldwide in 2018. b Histogram shows the China electric vehicle sales and growth rate from 2012 to 2018. c Pie chart shows the demand for electric vehicles worldwide in 2017. d Histogram shows the electric vehicles in Shanghai from 2014 to 2018. e Schematic diagram shows the six water environments. (1) Yangtze river, (2) freshwater lake, (3) pit lake, (4) Suzhou River, (5) Dingpu River, (6) Chongming island. f Histogram shows the concentration of lithium in the six water environments. g Histogram shows the concentration of lithium in Tongji pure water and tap water. h Histogram shows the concentration of lithium in ultrapure water, Apple 6s plus and Huawei P20 pro