Energy efficiency trade-offs in small to large electric vehicles

Weiss, Martin; Cloos, Kira Christina; Helmers, Eckard

doi:10.1186/s12302-020-00307-8

Environmental Sciences Europe

Table 2 Summary statistics—regression analysis of certified and real-word energy consumption as function of vehicle attributes; significance at 1% level (), 5% level (), and 10% level (); light commercial and heavy-duty vehicles are excluded from the regression analysis of real-world fuel consumption in Models 3 and 6 as sample size is insufficient; vehicle type 0: hover- and skateboards, type 1: stand-up and kick scooters, type 2: e-bikes, type 3: larger two- and three-wheelers, type 4: light four-wheelers, type 5: passenger cars, type 6: light commercial and heavy-duty vehicles

From: Energy efficiency trade-offs in small to large electric vehicles

Energy consumption	Coefficient	Value	Standard error	t value	Pr (> abs t)	p value	Adjusted R²
	Model 1: energy consumption = α₁+ β₁mass
Certified	(Intercept)***	4.44	1.41	3.15	1.78e−03	< 0.001	0.74
Certified	Mass***	6.69e−03	1.26e−03	5.32	1.78e−07	< 0.001	0.74
Real-world	(Intercept)***	2.26	0.39	5.87	1.42e−08	< 0.001	0.81
Real-world	Mass***	9.32e−03	2.71e−04	34.43	8.01e−95	< 0.001	0.81
	Model 2: energy consumption = α₂+ β₂power
Certified	(Intercept)***	8.22	0.73	11.21	1.35e−25	< 0.001	0.15
Certified	Power***	5.98e−02	1.10e−02	5.46	8.31e−08	< 0.001	0.15
Real-world	(Intercept)***	9.91	0.63	15.82	3.53e−39	< 0.001	0.40
Real-world	Power***	4.07e−02	3.52e−03	11.59	5.53e−25	< 0.001	0.40
	Model 3: energy consumption = α₃+ β₃mass + β₄power + β₅year + β₆type
Certified	(Intercept)*	141	75	1.89	5.95e−02	< 0.001	0.93
	Mass***	4.43e−03	6.86e−04	6.45	4.43e−10
	Power	2.19e−03	2.53e−03	0.87	0.39
	Year	− 6.98e−02	3.72e−02	− 1.88	0.61
	Type 1	0.44	0.48	0.39	0.35
	Type 2	− 0.32	0.43	− 0.75	0.45
	Type 3***	4.28	0.69	6.16	2.41e−09
	Type 4***	4.88	0.66	7.37	1.73e−12
	Type 5***	7.83	0.94	8.37	2.34e−12
	Type 6***	14.92	1.82	8.20	7.38e−15
Real-world	(Intercept)***	236	88	2.69	7.66e−03	< 0.001	0.84
	Mass***	5.85e−03	9.07e−04	6.45	7.36e−10
	Power	3.86e−03	2.80e−03	1.38	0.17
	Year***	− 0.12	4.38e−02	−2.68	8.01e−03
	Type 1**	1.93	0.76	2.52	1.23e−02
	Type 2	0.53	0.65	0.81	0.42
	Type 3***	8.50	1.85	4.59	7.63e−06
	Type 4***	5.86	1.12	5.24	3.89e−07
	Type 5***	8.10	1.21	6.71	1.63e−07
	Model 4: log(energy consumption) = α₄+ β₇log(mass)
log(Certified)	(Intercept)***	− 4.75	0.17	− 28.05	2.84e−95	< 0.001	0.89
log(Certified)	log(Mass)***	1.02	2.34e−02	43.68	1.18e−151	< 0.001	0.89
log(Real-world)	(Intercept)***	− 4.46	0.18	− 24.28	1.37e−66	< 0.001	0.92
log(Real-world)	log(Mass)***	0.99	2.49e−02	39.91	6.18e−108	< 0.001	0.92
	Model 5: log(energy consumption) = α₅+ β₈log(power)
log(Certified)	(Intercept)***	0.43	4.55e−02	9.42	3.38e−19	< 0.001	0.84
log(Certified)	log(Power)***	0.52	1.22e−02	42.74	2.24e−152	< 0.001	0.84
log(Real-world)	(Intercept)***	0.64	4.95e−02	12.88	3.01e−29	< 0.001	0.90
log(Real-world)	log(Power)***	0.48	1.06e−02	44.92	2.19e−119	< 0.001	0.90
	Model 6: log(energy consumption) = α₆+ β₉log(mass) + β₁₀log(power) + β₁₁year +β₁₂type
log(Certified)	(Intercept)*	13.41	5.98	2.24	2.56e−02	< 0.001	0.97
	log(Mass)***	0.58	7.04e−02	8.23	5.93e−15
	log(Power)	4.78e−02	3.07e−02	1.56	0.12
	Year***	− 7.90e−03	2.94e−03	− 2.69	7.64e−03
	Type 1	− 5.21e−02	0.12	− 0.42	0.67
	Type 2***	− 1.15	9.86e−02	− 11.70	2.89e−26
	Type 3***	0.80	8.08e−02	9.86	4.85e−20
	Type 4***	0.70	0.11	6.67	1.22e−10
	Type 5***	0.74	0.12	6.32	9.64e−10
	Type 6***	1.13	0.15	7.35	1.98e−12
log(Real-world)	(Intercept)***	18.08	5.88	3.08	2.36e−03	< 0.001	0.97
	log(Mass)***	0.42	8.62e−02	4.92	1.74e−06
	log(Power)***	6.06e−02	2.18e−02	2.78	5.96e−03
	Year***	9.72e−03	2.92e−03	−3.33	1.02e−03
	Type 1	0.29	0.24	1.23	0.22
	Type 2***	− 0.70	8.41e−02	− 8.35	8.15e−15
	Type 3***	1.21	0.24	5.04	1.00e−06
	Type 4***	0.85	0.19	4.57	8.28e−06
	Type 5***	0.97	0.18	5.48	1.17e−07

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