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Table 1 Descriptive statistics of vehicle attributes; mass includes the vehicle and a generic driver of 70 kg; SD standard deviation; indirect CO2 emissions from electricity consumption during vehicle use is calculated based on a carbon intensity of 300 ± 230 g CO2/kWh (mean of the European Union ± standard deviation of country data; [36])

From: Energy efficiency trade-offs in small to large electric vehicles

Vehicle type and variable (sample size)

Mean

SD

Min

Max

Hover- and skateboards (16)

 Mass (kg) (14)

86

15

76

124

 Power (kW) (15)

0.97

0.83

0.40

3.00

 Battery capacity (kWh) (16)

0.23

0.15

0.10

0.60

 Certified energy consumption (kWh/100 km) (16)

1.02

0.31

0.63

1.58

 Real-world energy consumption (kWh/100 km) (7)

1.37

0.51

0.89

2.14

 Indirect CO2 emissions—certified energy consumption (g CO2/km) (16)

3.0

2.5

 

 Indirect CO2 emissions—real-world energy consumption (g CO2/km) (7)

4.1

3.5

Stand-up and kick scooters (26)

 Mass (kg) (25)

90

11

77

115

 Power (kW) (26)

0.46

0.21

0.25

1.00

 Battery capacity (kWh) (26)

0.42

0.24

0.20

1.20

 Certified energy consumption (kWh/100 km) (26)

1.25

0.42

0.75

2.33

 Real-world energy consumption (kWh/100 km) (11)

1.46

0.44

0.84

2.25

 Indirect CO2 emissions—certified energy consumption (g CO2/km) (26)

3.7

3.1

 

 Indirect CO2 emissions—real-world energy consumption (g CO2/km) (11)

4.3

3.6

E-bikes and bike-like three-wheelers (55)

 Mass (kg) (45)

98

10

82

140

 Power (kW) (53)

0.29

0.14

0.25

1.00

 Battery capacity (kWh) (55)

0.47

0.11

0.30

0.80

 Certified energy consumption (kWh/100 km) (51)

0.54

0.36

0.17

2.25

 Real-world energy consumption (kWh/100 km) (30)

0.71

0.20

0.41

1.45

 Indirect CO2 emissions—certified energy consumption (g CO2/km) (51)

1.6

1.6

 

 Indirect CO2 emissions—real-world energy consumption (g CO2/km) (30)

2.1

1.7

Larger two- and three-wheelers, including mopeds, step-through scooters, motorcycles (48)

 Mass (kg) (47)

250

115

115

550

 Power (kW) (47)

15.0

22.2

0.25

107

 Battery capacity (kWh) (48)

5.8

5.1

0.50

18

 Certified energy consumption (kWh/100 km) (48)

4.62

3.20

1.07

17.5

 Real-world energy consumption (kWh/100 km) (4)

9.3

3.3

6.0

13.5

 Indirect CO2 emissions—certified energy consumption (g CO2/km) (48)

14

14

 

 Indirect CO2 emissions—real-world energy consumption (g CO2/km) (4)

28

23

Car-like three- and four-wheelers (31)

 Mass (kg) (29)

675

218

275

1000

 Power (kW) (31)

12

8.5

3.5

33

 Battery capacity (kWh) (30)

9.6

7.6

1.7

35

 Certified energy consumption (kWh/100 km) (31)

8.0

3.0

4.00

16.25

 Real-world energy consumption (kWh/100 km) (12)

10.0

3.3

4.8

16.4

 Indirect CO2 emissions—certified energy consumption (g CO2/km) (31)

24

20

 

 Indirect CO2 emissions—real-world energy consumption (g CO2/km) (12)

30

25

Passenger cars (218)

 Mass (kg) (211)

1689

472

766

3370

 Power (kW) (218)

150

127

5

575

 Battery capacity (kWh) (216)

46

26

10

100

 Certified energy consumption (kWh/100 km) (206)

16.0

3.7

4.9

29.3

 Real-world energy consumption (kWh/100 km) (179)

18.4

4.5

9.6

33.3

 Indirect CO2 emissions—certified energy consumption (g CO2/km) (206)

47

38

 

 Indirect CO2 emissions—real-world energy consumption (g CO2/km) (179)

54

44

Light commercial and heavy-duty vehicles (34)

 Mass (kg) (33)

4812

6679

670

27070

 Power (kW) (34)

88

90

14

370

 Battery capacity (kWh) (32)

80

85

10

300

 Certified energy consumption (kWh/100 km) (32)

51

44

13

153

 Real-world energy consumption (kWh/100 km) (2)

38

8

33

44

 Indirect CO2 emissions—certified energy consumption (g CO2/km) (32)

151

175

 

 Indirect CO2 emissions—real-world energy consumption (g CO2/km) (2)

112

90