From: Energy efficiency trade-offs in small to large electric vehicles
Vehicle type and variable (sample size) | Mean | SD | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hover- and skateboards (16) | ||||
Mass (kg) (14) | 86 | 15 | 76 | 124 |
Power (kW) (15) | 0.97 | 0.83 | 0.40 | 3.00 |
Battery capacity (kWh) (16) | 0.23 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.60 |
Certified energy consumption (kWh/100 km) (16) | 1.02 | 0.31 | 0.63 | 1.58 |
Real-world energy consumption (kWh/100 km) (7) | 1.37 | 0.51 | 0.89 | 2.14 |
Indirect CO2 emissions—certified energy consumption (g CO2/km) (16) | 3.0 | 2.5 | ||
Indirect CO2 emissions—real-world energy consumption (g CO2/km) (7) | 4.1 | 3.5 | ||
Stand-up and kick scooters (26) | ||||
Mass (kg) (25) | 90 | 11 | 77 | 115 |
Power (kW) (26) | 0.46 | 0.21 | 0.25 | 1.00 |
Battery capacity (kWh) (26) | 0.42 | 0.24 | 0.20 | 1.20 |
Certified energy consumption (kWh/100 km) (26) | 1.25 | 0.42 | 0.75 | 2.33 |
Real-world energy consumption (kWh/100 km) (11) | 1.46 | 0.44 | 0.84 | 2.25 |
Indirect CO2 emissions—certified energy consumption (g CO2/km) (26) | 3.7 | 3.1 | ||
Indirect CO2 emissions—real-world energy consumption (g CO2/km) (11) | 4.3 | 3.6 | ||
E-bikes and bike-like three-wheelers (55) | ||||
Mass (kg) (45) | 98 | 10 | 82 | 140 |
Power (kW) (53) | 0.29 | 0.14 | 0.25 | 1.00 |
Battery capacity (kWh) (55) | 0.47 | 0.11 | 0.30 | 0.80 |
Certified energy consumption (kWh/100 km) (51) | 0.54 | 0.36 | 0.17 | 2.25 |
Real-world energy consumption (kWh/100 km) (30) | 0.71 | 0.20 | 0.41 | 1.45 |
Indirect CO2 emissions—certified energy consumption (g CO2/km) (51) | 1.6 | 1.6 | ||
Indirect CO2 emissions—real-world energy consumption (g CO2/km) (30) | 2.1 | 1.7 | ||
Larger two- and three-wheelers, including mopeds, step-through scooters, motorcycles (48) | ||||
Mass (kg) (47) | 250 | 115 | 115 | 550 |
Power (kW) (47) | 15.0 | 22.2 | 0.25 | 107 |
Battery capacity (kWh) (48) | 5.8 | 5.1 | 0.50 | 18 |
Certified energy consumption (kWh/100 km) (48) | 4.62 | 3.20 | 1.07 | 17.5 |
Real-world energy consumption (kWh/100 km) (4) | 9.3 | 3.3 | 6.0 | 13.5 |
Indirect CO2 emissions—certified energy consumption (g CO2/km) (48) | 14 | 14 | ||
Indirect CO2 emissions—real-world energy consumption (g CO2/km) (4) | 28 | 23 | ||
Car-like three- and four-wheelers (31) | ||||
Mass (kg) (29) | 675 | 218 | 275 | 1000 |
Power (kW) (31) | 12 | 8.5 | 3.5 | 33 |
Battery capacity (kWh) (30) | 9.6 | 7.6 | 1.7 | 35 |
Certified energy consumption (kWh/100 km) (31) | 8.0 | 3.0 | 4.00 | 16.25 |
Real-world energy consumption (kWh/100 km) (12) | 10.0 | 3.3 | 4.8 | 16.4 |
Indirect CO2 emissions—certified energy consumption (g CO2/km) (31) | 24 | 20 | ||
Indirect CO2 emissions—real-world energy consumption (g CO2/km) (12) | 30 | 25 | ||
Passenger cars (218) | ||||
Mass (kg) (211) | 1689 | 472 | 766 | 3370 |
Power (kW) (218) | 150 | 127 | 5 | 575 |
Battery capacity (kWh) (216) | 46 | 26 | 10 | 100 |
Certified energy consumption (kWh/100 km) (206) | 16.0 | 3.7 | 4.9 | 29.3 |
Real-world energy consumption (kWh/100 km) (179) | 18.4 | 4.5 | 9.6 | 33.3 |
Indirect CO2 emissions—certified energy consumption (g CO2/km) (206) | 47 | 38 | ||
Indirect CO2 emissions—real-world energy consumption (g CO2/km) (179) | 54 | 44 | ||
Light commercial and heavy-duty vehicles (34) | ||||
Mass (kg) (33) | 4812 | 6679 | 670 | 27070 |
Power (kW) (34) | 88 | 90 | 14 | 370 |
Battery capacity (kWh) (32) | 80 | 85 | 10 | 300 |
Certified energy consumption (kWh/100 km) (32) | 51 | 44 | 13 | 153 |
Real-world energy consumption (kWh/100 km) (2) | 38 | 8 | 33 | 44 |
Indirect CO2 emissions—certified energy consumption (g CO2/km) (32) | 151 | 175 | ||
Indirect CO2 emissions—real-world energy consumption (g CO2/km) (2) | 112 | 90 |