Table 2 Nepal’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and their links with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) [15, 16]

1. Formulate and implement NAPs

2020

13

2. Enhance implementation of Environment-Friendly Local Governance Framework

n.a.

5, 10, 13, 16, 17

3. Promote scientific approaches for understanding and dealing with CC impacts

n.a.

13

4. Improve understanding of CC-related loss and damage

n.a.

13

5. Formulate Low-Carbon Economic Development Strategy to promote economic development focusing on: (I) energy; (II) agriculture and livestock; (III) forests; (IV) industry; (V) human settlements and wastes; (VI) transport; and (VII) commercial sectors

n.a.

All

6. Achieve 80% electrification through renewable energy and reduce dependency on fossil fuels by 50%

2050

3, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13

7. Achieve the targets of mini and micro hydropower (25 MW), solar home systems (600,000), institutional solar power systems (1500), improved water mill (4000), improved cooking stoves (475,000), and biogas (130,000 households, 1000 institutional and 200 community plants, under the National Rural and Renewable Energy Programme, 2012–2017), and reducing dependency on biomass and making it more efficient

2017

7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13

8. Expand the energy mix focusing on renewables by 20% and diversify energy consumption pattern

2020

7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13

9. Increase the share of the electrical vehicles up to 20% from the 2010 level

2020

3, 9, 11, 12, 13

10. Decrease dependency on fossil fuels in the transport sector by 50%

2050

3, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13

11. Develop electrical rail network supporting mass transport

2040

3, 9, 11, 12, 13

12. Maintain 40% forest cover in the country

Throughout

3, 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15

13. Pilot a sub-national Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD +) project reducing about 14 million tons of CO₂ equivalent

2020

3, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17

14. Decrease the rate of air pollution by 2025

2025

3, 6, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15,