Pesticide contamination and associated risk factors at public playgrounds near intensively managed apple and wine orchards

Environmental Sciences Europe

Table 2 Medians, interquartile ranges (in parentheses) and maximum concentrations (italics) of pesticide concentrations (mg kg⁻¹ wet weight)

Pesticides and pesticide classes	Total (N = 32)	NEAR (N = 21)	FAR (N = 11)	p-value (N = 32)^a	p-value (n = 71)^b
Pesticide concentration	0.035 (0.016–0.067) 2.024	0.041 (0.029–0.082) 2.024	0.014 (0.013–0.039) 0.117	0.024	0.001
Insecticide concentration	0.014 (0.00–0.027) 1.9	0.018 (0.00–0.032) 1.9	0.014 (0.006–0.017) 0.05	0.431	0.036
Fungicide concentration	0.013 (0.00–0.036) 0.325	0.02 (0.011–0.048) 0.325	0.00 (0.00–0.012) 0.063	0.010	< 0.001
Pesticides with endocrine activity	0.032 (0.014–0.067) 1.93	0.033 (0.018–0.068) 1.93	0.014 (0.011–0.023) 0.117	0.071	0.006
Concentrations of most abundant pesticides
Phosmet	0.013 (0.00–0.019) 0.069	0.011 (0.00–0.019) 0.069	0.013 (0.00–0.017) 0.054	0.983	0.148
Fluazinam	0.012 (0.00–0.019) 0.26	0.014 (0.00–0.022) 0.26	0.00 (0.00–0.007) 0.049	0.068	0.003
Penthiopyrad	0.0 (0.00–0.00) 0.1	0.0 (0.00–0.011) 0.1	0	0.058	0.008

Contaminated playgrounds (N = 32) were stratified by distance from agricultural fields: ≤ 50 m = NEAR, > 50 m = FAR
^aMann–Whitney U test with continuity correction
^bIncluding all sampling sites (n = 71)