Impact of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) on soil microbial community depending on functionalization, concentration, exposure time, and soil texture

Grün, Anna-Lena; Manz, Werner; Kohl, Yvonne Lydia; Meier, Florian; Straskraba, Susanne; Jost, Carsten; Drexel, Roland; Emmerling, Christoph

doi:10.1186/s12302-019-0196-y

Environmental Sciences Europe

Table 2 Results of the (M)ANOVA including the main factors silver species, concentration, time, and soil texture, N = 4320

From: Impact of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) on soil microbial community depending on functionalization, concentration, exposure time, and soil texture

Factor	Factor level	MANOVA			ANOVA
		df	F (Pillai’s trace)	p	LAP activity		Microbial biomass		16S rRNA		nifH		amoA		Actinobacteria		Acidobacteria		Alpha-Proteobacteria		Bacteroidetes		Beta-Proteobacteria
		df	F (Pillai’s trace)	p	Mean	Sp	Mean	Sp	Mean	Sp	Mean	Sp	Mean	Sp	Mean	Sp	Mean	Sp	Mean	Sp	Mean	Sp	Mean	Sp
Silver species		2	44.2	***	8.9	***	13.0	***	90.5	***	2.2	ns	149.8	***	58.8	***	56.2	***	4.7	**	20.2	***	15.4	***
	Ag10-COOH				95.9	a	97.3	ab	105.0	ab	104.0	ns	102.3	ab	101.4	ab	88.0	a	93.2	a	95.9	a	97.0	ab
	Ag10-NH₂				96.5	b	102.6	a	95.7	a	103.1	ns	92.6	ac	96.1	ac	89.9	b	95.0		93.5	ab	94.1	a
	AgNO₃				100.1	ab	100.3	b	96.5	b	102.6	ns	104.6	bc	90.8	bc	97.6	ab	96.0	a	97.0	b	94.0	b
Concentration (mg/kg)		2	12.7	***	18.4	***	7.7	**	13.4	***	2.1	ns	5.3	***	10.8	***	13.4	***	4.0	*	24.4	***	14.5	***
	0.01				101.2	ab	97.8	ab	100.6	a	103.1	ns	100.5	a	97.9	a	94.7	ab	96.2	a	97.7	ab	95.5	a
	0.10				94.9	a	100.6	a	99.7	b	102.6	ns	100.6	b	93.0	ab	90.7	a	94.4		94.7	a	96.2	b
	1.00				96.4	b	101.8	b	96.9	ab	104.0	ns	98.5	ab	97.0	b	90.2	b	93.6	a	94.0	b	93.3	ab
Exposure time (days)		3	43.9	***	51.7	***	101.8	***	50.4	***	42.8	***	96.2	***	10.0	***	5.3	**	41.3	***	89.5	***	64.6	***
	1				89.0	abc	91.8	abc	93.4	abc	99.6	ab	107.6	abc	93.2	ab	89.6	ab	94.9	ab	101.7	abc	93.3	ab
	14				102.5	ad	97.0	ad	103.0	ad	105.7	ac	99.8	ad	94.2	cd	91.1		92.4	c	93.5	a	91.2	acd
	28				102.3	be	112.1	bde	97.9	bde	106.8	bd	98.6	be	98.1	ac	93.4	a	101.5	acd	94.9	bd	100.5	bce
	90				96.3	cde	99.4	ce	102.1	ce	100.7	cd	93.4	cde	98.4	bd	93.2	b	90.2	bd	91.8	cd	95.1	de
Soil texture		2	46.5	***	233.6	***	20.4	***	79.7	***	99.2	***	162.2	***	22.2	***	45.0	***	47.0	***	18.4	***	46.3	***
	Loam				101.7	ab	103.1	a	101.7	a	102.7	ab	101.1	ab	99.3	ab	90.7	ab	98.0	a	97.4	ab	98.0	ab
	Sand				84.2	ac	100.7	b	102.0	b	98.7	ac	105.7	ac	92.9	ac	96.8	ac	96.7	b	94.2	a	95.0	ac
	Clay				106.6	bc	96.5	ab	93.5	ab	108.2	bc	92.7	bc	95.8	bc	88.0	bc	89.6	ab	94.8	b	92.1	bc
Factor combination
Soil × silver		4	53.2	***	16.3	***	82.9	***	34.1	***	113.0	***	70.6	***	56.5	***	144.6	***	40.0	***	165.8	***	103.2	***
Soil × concentration		4	6.7	***	17.7	***	8.0	***	4.1	***	5.8	***	9.7	***	3.1	*	2.7	*	1.4	ns	12.5	***	3.2	*
Soil × time		6	46.8	***	157.7	***	101.4	***	43.2	***	136.1	***	226.7	***	38.1	***	69.4	***	46.0	***	106.8	***	235.1	***
Silver × concentration		4	5.6	***	6.7	***	4.3	**	18.1	***	4.3	**	2.1	ns	8.6	***	5.7	***	8.3	***	9.8	***	5.6	***
Silver × time		6	25.8	***	26.3	***	112.8	***	82.2	***	44.7	***	72.3	***	21.9	***	25.1	***	7.2	***	29.9	***	93.6	***
Concentration × time		6	12.1	***	4.0	***	13.9	***	17.2	***	13.1	***	12.5	***	16.8	***	16.6	***	7.3	***	22.5	***	43.3	***
Soil × silver × concentration		8	11.4	***	17.8	***	13.5	***	27.8	***	11.1	***	12.8	***	25.7	***	9.0	***	2.0	*	24.3	***	14.1	***
Soil × silver × time		12	24.7	***	30.3	***	46.3	***	54.9	***	133.4	***	49.0	***	36.0	***	46.4	***	20.2	***	74.3	***	55.4	***
Soil × concentration × time		12	9.1	***	6.6	***	18.8	***	10.6	***	12.1	***	14.8	***	10.0	***	6.5	***	6.2	***	16.2	***	21.5	***
Silver × concentration × time		12	9.1	***	14.8	***	7.4	***	11.6	***	13.4	***	10.0	***	13.2	***	12.7	***	8.8	***	16.3	***	24.4	***
Soil × silver × concentration × time		22	8.1	***	4.3	***	22.7	***	10.0	***	13.4	***	11.4	***	10.7	***	12.0	***	8.1	***	22.5	***	27.0	***
R ²					0.897		0.919		0.902		0.930		0.931		0.871		0.892		0.815		0.927		0.939

The relative variations (%) were set as dependent variable. The factors were set as independent variable
sp significant pairs of multiple comparisons within a factor (post-hoc test), ns not significant
Underlined values = F- and p-value of the ANOVA
*** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05
a, b, c, d = pairs of significant group mean differences

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