Table 6 Abundance of adverse environmental conditions (fraction, number of days) during specific development stages of maize denoted by BBCH stadium [31] in the four regions for the baseline (base, 1981–2010) and projected projections (max, med, min; 2021–2050) and the abundance of heat spells with certain lengths (indicators as given in Table 1)
Stage | DH | UE | FL | OS | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BBCH | Base | Max | Med | Min | Base | Max | Med | Min | Base | Max | Med | Min | Base | Max | Med | Min |
01–30 | ||||||||||||||||
Tmin < 0 °C | 0.2 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 2.5 | 1.4 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.4 |
Tmin < 10 °C | 68.0 | 63.0 | 60.0 | 64.0 | 66.0 | 64.0 | 61.0 | 65.0 | 60.0 | 62.0 | 61.0 | 60.0 | 55.0 | 56.0 | 54.0 | 56.0 |
øn [d] | 42.7 | 43.4 | 41.0 | 41.6 | 44.0 | 42.9 | 42.5 | 42.3 | 40.8 | 40.8 | 41.4 | 40.4 | 39.7 | 40.4 | 40.5 | 40.7 |
31–60 | ||||||||||||||||
Tmin < 0 °C | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Tmin < 10 °C | 18.0 | 18.0 | 20.0 | 16.0 | 19.0 | 22.0 | 22.0 | 19.0 | 16.0 | 17.0 | 17.0 | 16.0 | 13.0 | 11.0 | 12.0 | 11.0 |
øn [d] | 46.1 | 46.1 | 46.3 | 45.2 | 48.1 | 46.3 | 48.3 | 46.7 | 44.4 | 43.1 | 44.0 | 44.2 | 45.0 | 42.1 | 43.4 | 43.6 |
61–70 | ||||||||||||||||
Tmax > 37.3 °C | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Heat | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 2.6 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 1.5 |
Drought | 5.8 | 14.7 | 15.5 | 9.4 | 5.9 | 9.6 | 9.3 | 8.2 | 7.8 | 3.4 | 5.6 | 5.3 | 2.1 | 3.4 | 4.8 | 6.3 |
øn [d] | 12.3 | 13.1 | 12.4 | 13.2 | 12.6 | 12.9 | 12.7 | 13.9 | 12.1 | 11.5 | 12.1 | 11.9 | 11.8 | 11.4 | 11.8 | 11.9 |
70–99 | ||||||||||||||||
Tmax > 36 °C | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 |
Heat | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 0.7 |
øn [d] | 60.5 | 50.6 | 49.5 | 53.6 | 66.4 | 53.4 | 56.4 | 62.2 | 52.5 | 41.5 | 44.5 | 47.4 | 54.9 | 42.2 | 45.3 | 47.1 |
61–70 | ||||||||||||||||
Heat spell 1 | 15 | 16 | 15 | 13 | 12 | 13 | 17 | 12 | 20 | 22 | 19 | 14 | 12 | 15 | 17 | 18 |
Length [d] 2 | 4 | 4 | 11 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 12 | 8 | 9 | 12 | 7 |
3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 3 | – | 2 | 1 | 3 |
4 | 2 | 3 | – | – | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | – | 1 | 1 | 2 | – | 2 | 1 | 2 |
5 | 2 | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | 2 | 1 | – | 1 | – |
6 | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
7 | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | . |