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EROD activity
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Biotransformation enzyme induced by planar hydrocarbon
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PCBs, PAHs and dioxin-like compounds
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Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity
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Enzyme implicated in nervous transmission
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Organophosphates, carbamates and similar molecules
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Vitellogenin (VTG) in male fish
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A precursor of egg yolk, normally synthesized by female fish
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estrogenic endocrine disrupting compounds
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Metallothionein (MT)
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Metal scavenger implicated in protection against oxidative stress
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Heavy metals and inducer of oxidative stress
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Amino-levulinic acid deshydratase (ALAD)
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Enzyme implicated in amino-acid metabolism
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Lead exposure
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Lysosomal stability
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General health, lysosomes play a key role in liver injury caused by various xenobiotics
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Several classes of pollutants, including PAH, inducer of oxidative stress, metals and organochlorines
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DNA adducts
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Alteration of DNA structure able to disturb DNA function
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Genotoxic compounds including PAHs and other synthetic organic compounds
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Imposex biomarkers (e.g. VDSI) in molluscs
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Imposition of male sex characteristics on female molluscs
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TBT
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PAH bile metabolites
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PAH metabolites in bile/urine represent the final stage of the biotransformation process
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Indirect indicator of PAH exposure
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Liver histopathology
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General indication about liver damage but can be diagnostic depending on the type of lesion
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PAHs
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Macroscopic liver neoplasms
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Visible fish liver tumours
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Cancer inducing substances; PAHs
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Externally visible fish diseases
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Overall organism health External investigations of fish, significant changes indicate chronic stress
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Several classes of pollutants and pathogens
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Intersex in fish
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Presence of ovarian tissue in male fish gonads compromising reproductive capacity
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estrogenic endocrine disrupting compounds
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Micronucleus
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Damage to genetic material of organisms; could affect their health and potentially also their offspring.
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Substances causing chromosomal aberrations (clastogens)
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Amphipod/fish embryo alterations
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Embryo malformations (viviparous organisms)
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Overall organism health; strong correlation observed between malformed embryos and concentrations of metals and organic compounds
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Stress proteins
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Early stage effects, including oxidative stress
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Responds to many types of stress factors
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Benthic diatom malformations
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Malformations; overall organism health
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Significant response to metals and several pesticides, but less to other priority substances
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Comet assay
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Sensitive tool to detect genetic damage
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Substances causing DNA strand breaks
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Mussel histopathology (gametogenesis)
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Histological studies of, e.g. digestive gland and tube
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Many groups of substances, including PAHs, PCBs and heavy metals
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Stress on stress
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Survival in air
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Many groups of substances, including crude oil, copper ions and PCBs
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Scope for Growth
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Measures alterations in the energy available for growth and reproduction.
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Many groups of substances, including di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), aromatics, pentachlorophenol (PCP), copper, TBT and dichlorvos
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