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Table 1 Overview of all 25 market-relevant nanomaterials listed currently in the DaNa knowledge base

From: Environmental impacts of nanomaterials: providing comprehensive information on exposure, transport and ecotoxicity - the project DaNa2.0

Nanomaterial

Environmentally relevant application or product with likely release to the environment

Anticipated most relevant release path/way

Studied organisms/cells/cell lines considered in the knowledge base athttp://www.nanoobjects.info

Aluminium oxide

Abrasive and polishing agents

Aerosols

Mud tube worm, shrimp, earthworm, basket shell, nematode, bacteria, daphnids, zebrafish, thale cress, rye, lettuce, corn, carrots, soy, cabbage, cucumber, radish, rapeseed, ryegrass

Barium sulphate

Contrast agent

Waste water

No ecotoxicity studies available

Carbon black

Printing ink, toner

Aerosol

Common mussel, brown algae (toothed wrack), fruit fly, amphipods

Carbon nanotubes (CNT)

All applications anticipated so far involve CNT embedded in a matrix

Rainbow trout, earthworm, lugworm, tomato, cabbage, carrot, onion, radish, rape, lettuce, ryegrass, corn and cucumber

Cellulose

Wound dressing

Solid waste

Bacteria, fungi, daphnids, fish, algae, rainbow trout liver cells

Cerium dioxide

Diesel additive

Car exhaust

Bacteria, algae, zebrafish (embryo, adult), daphnids, rainbow trout liver cells, soybean

Copper and copper oxide

Wood preservatives

Waste

Bacteria, protozoa, worms, snail, frog embryo, zebrafish, green algae, radish, ryegrass, duckweed, corn

Diamond

Abrasive and polishing agents

Aerosol

Nematodes, frog embryos, daphnids

Fullerenes

Cosmetics, sports equipment, lubricant

Direct release to surface or waste water

Bacteria, algae, daphnids, common mussel blood cells, oyster (larvae, adult, liver cells), zebrafish embryo

Gold

Diagnostics and therapy

Waste water

Bacteria, daphnids, blue mussel, basket shell, zebrafish embryo, rainbow trout liver cell, cucumber, lettuce

Graphene

No applications on the market, yet

Bacteria, nematodes, zebrafish embryo, tomato, spinach, cabbage

Indium tin oxide (ITO)

All applications anticipated so far involve ITO embedded in a matrix

Various aquatic organisms (vertebrates, algae)

Iron and iron oxides

Ground and waste water remediation

Intended release to ground water

Bacteria, medaka embryos, rainbow trout gill cells, pumpkin, lima bean, ryegrass

Platinum

Catalytic exhaust converter

Aerosol formation

Zebrafish embryo, rainbow trout gill cells

Quantum dots (QD)

All applications anticipated so far involve quantum dots embedded in a matrix

Bacteria, algae, daphnids, zebrafish embryo, rainbow trout

Silicon dioxide

Skin care, textiles, therapeutics

Surface and waste water

Bacteria, green algae, mussel blood cells

Silver

Textiles, antimicrobial applications

Wash-off, release of ions from silver-coated surfaces

Bacteria, fungi, green algae, daphnids, zebrafish embryo, medaka cell line

Strontium carbonate

Pyrotechniques

Aerosol

No ecotoxicity studies available

Titanium dioxide

Sunscreen, surface coating

Direct release to surface waters, run-off from coated surfaces

Bacteria, daphnids, nematodes, lugworm, mussel, snail, woodlice, rainbow trout, zebrafish (embryo and adult), green algae, onion, willow, tobacco

Titanium nitride

All applications anticipated so far involve TiN embedded in a matrix

Rainbow trout gill and intestinal cells

Tungsten carbide (WC)

WC nanoparticles are used for tool production and are tightly bound in the tools

Rainbow trout gill cells

Tungsten carbide cobalt (WC-Co)

WC-Co nanoparticles are used for tool production and are tightly bound in the tools

Rainbow trout gill cells

Zeolite/clays

Fertiliser

Soil

No ecotoxicity studies available

Zinc oxide

Sunscreen, textiles

Direct release to surface waters, wash-off

Bacteria, protozoa, woodlice, zebrafish, rainbow trout, daphnids, green algae, ryegrass, corn, soybean, zucchini, thale cress

Zirconium dioxide

All applications anticipated so far involve ZrO2 embedded in a matrix

Bacteria, algae, zebrafish embryo

  1. Relevant environmental applications, the anticipated most relevant release path into the environment and the test organisms used in the studies were considered in this summary. As the whole ENM life cycle was not considered, disposal as relevant release at end of life was left out.