Nanomaterial | Environmentally relevant application or product with likely release to the environment | Anticipated most relevant release path/way | Studied organisms/cells/cell lines considered in the knowledge base athttp://www.nanoobjects.info |
---|---|---|---|
Aluminium oxide | Abrasive and polishing agents | Aerosols | Mud tube worm, shrimp, earthworm, basket shell, nematode, bacteria, daphnids, zebrafish, thale cress, rye, lettuce, corn, carrots, soy, cabbage, cucumber, radish, rapeseed, ryegrass |
Barium sulphate | Contrast agent | Waste water | No ecotoxicity studies available |
Carbon black | Printing ink, toner | Aerosol | Common mussel, brown algae (toothed wrack), fruit fly, amphipods |
Carbon nanotubes (CNT) | All applications anticipated so far involve CNT embedded in a matrix | Rainbow trout, earthworm, lugworm, tomato, cabbage, carrot, onion, radish, rape, lettuce, ryegrass, corn and cucumber | |
Cellulose | Wound dressing | Solid waste | Bacteria, fungi, daphnids, fish, algae, rainbow trout liver cells |
Cerium dioxide | Diesel additive | Car exhaust | Bacteria, algae, zebrafish (embryo, adult), daphnids, rainbow trout liver cells, soybean |
Copper and copper oxide | Wood preservatives | Waste | Bacteria, protozoa, worms, snail, frog embryo, zebrafish, green algae, radish, ryegrass, duckweed, corn |
Diamond | Abrasive and polishing agents | Aerosol | Nematodes, frog embryos, daphnids |
Fullerenes | Cosmetics, sports equipment, lubricant | Direct release to surface or waste water | Bacteria, algae, daphnids, common mussel blood cells, oyster (larvae, adult, liver cells), zebrafish embryo |
Gold | Diagnostics and therapy | Waste water | Bacteria, daphnids, blue mussel, basket shell, zebrafish embryo, rainbow trout liver cell, cucumber, lettuce |
Graphene | No applications on the market, yet | Bacteria, nematodes, zebrafish embryo, tomato, spinach, cabbage | |
Indium tin oxide (ITO) | All applications anticipated so far involve ITO embedded in a matrix | Various aquatic organisms (vertebrates, algae) | |
Iron and iron oxides | Ground and waste water remediation | Intended release to ground water | Bacteria, medaka embryos, rainbow trout gill cells, pumpkin, lima bean, ryegrass |
Platinum | Catalytic exhaust converter | Aerosol formation | Zebrafish embryo, rainbow trout gill cells |
Quantum dots (QD) | All applications anticipated so far involve quantum dots embedded in a matrix | Bacteria, algae, daphnids, zebrafish embryo, rainbow trout | |
Silicon dioxide | Skin care, textiles, therapeutics | Surface and waste water | Bacteria, green algae, mussel blood cells |
Silver | Textiles, antimicrobial applications | Wash-off, release of ions from silver-coated surfaces | Bacteria, fungi, green algae, daphnids, zebrafish embryo, medaka cell line |
Strontium carbonate | Pyrotechniques | Aerosol | No ecotoxicity studies available |
Titanium dioxide | Sunscreen, surface coating | Direct release to surface waters, run-off from coated surfaces | Bacteria, daphnids, nematodes, lugworm, mussel, snail, woodlice, rainbow trout, zebrafish (embryo and adult), green algae, onion, willow, tobacco |
Titanium nitride | All applications anticipated so far involve TiN embedded in a matrix | Rainbow trout gill and intestinal cells | |
Tungsten carbide (WC) | WC nanoparticles are used for tool production and are tightly bound in the tools | Rainbow trout gill cells | |
Tungsten carbide cobalt (WC-Co) | WC-Co nanoparticles are used for tool production and are tightly bound in the tools | Rainbow trout gill cells | |
Zeolite/clays | Fertiliser | Soil | No ecotoxicity studies available |
Zinc oxide | Sunscreen, textiles | Direct release to surface waters, wash-off | Bacteria, protozoa, woodlice, zebrafish, rainbow trout, daphnids, green algae, ryegrass, corn, soybean, zucchini, thale cress |
Zirconium dioxide | All applications anticipated so far involve ZrO2 embedded in a matrix | Bacteria, algae, zebrafish embryo |