Table 4 Maximum concentrations of antiepileptic drugs used in this study in municipal WWTP effluents and rivers
Analyte | Concentration at WWTP effluents (μg L-1) | Concentration in rivers and streams (μg L-1) |
|---|---|---|
Carbamazepine | 6.3 (DE) [3] | 1.1 (DE) [3] |
21.6 (KR) [4] | 0.3 (UK) [5] | |
4.6 (UK) [5] | ||
Ethosuximide | No data | No data |
Phenylethylmalonamide | 0.37 (DE) [43] | 0.11 (DE) [43] |
Lamotrigine | 0.488 (USA) [40] | 0.108 (USA) [40] |
1.2 (USA) [6] | ||
Lamotrigine 2-N-glucuronide | 0.209 (USA) [40] | 0.195 (USA) [40] |
Lacosamide | No data | No data |
Primidone | 0.71 (DE) [43] | 0.18 (DE) [43] |
Zonisamide | No data | No data |
Sulthiame | No data | No data |
Felbamate | No data | No data |
10-OH-Carbamazepine | 1.17 (FR) [39] | No data |
1.9 (USA) [6] | ||
N-Desmethylmethsuximide | No data | No data |
Oxcarbazepine | 0.129 (FR) [39] | No data |
0.48 (USA) [6] | ||
Rufinamide | No data | No data |
Phenytoin | 0.25 (USA) [44] | 0.004 (USA) [45] |
Metabolites of antiepileptic drugs | ||
Phenobarbital | 0.21 (DE) [43] | 0.05 (DE) [43] |
Carbamazepine epoxide | 0.029 (FR) [39] | 0.077 (NO) [46] |