Table 4 CO 2 -equivalent emissions due to the Li-ion battery production
From: Electric cars: technical characteristics and environmental impacts
Source | CO 2 -equivalents kg/kWh battery | Battery chemistry investigated | Remarks |
Notter et al. 2010, [61] Althaus 2011 | 52 | LiMn2O4 | Bottom-up LCA approach (Althaus 2011) |
Ishihara et al. 2002 [63] | 75 | Li-Ni-Co and Li-Mn | Bottom-up LCA approach (Althaus 2011) |
Zackrisson et al. 2010 [64] | 166 | LiFePO4 | Top-down modeling from producers (Althaus 2011) |
Frischknecht 2011 [65] | 134 | Not specified | Top-down modeling from producers (Althaus 2011) |
Majeau-Bettez et al. 2011 [33] | 250 | LiFePO4 | Industry data considered (remark by Majeau-Bettez) |
200 | LiFe0.4CO0.2Mn0.4O0.2 | ||
Data range presented by five different groups on the 43rd discussion forum on LCA, Zurich, 2011 (reviewed by Frischknecht and Flury 2011) [67] | (66 to 291)a | diverse | - |