Table 3 Energy efficiency of the propulsion technologies available to the market (in percentages)

WTT (%)

TTW (%)

WTW (%)

WTW calculated (%)

ICE

Petrol (gasoline)

79^a, 86^b

16^a, 23^k

10^o, 13^a, 12 to 14^p, 14^q, 20^r

13 to 20

Petrol (gasoline) full electric hybrid

79^a, 86^b

30^k, 37^a

15^o, 17 to 22^p, 29^a,q

24 to 32

Diesel

76^c, 82^a, 84^b

23^a, 28^k

13^o, 16 to 18^p, 19^a, 25^r

18 to 24

LPG (propane + butane)

88^d, 93^e

16^e

11^o, 15^e

14 to 20

petrol ref. + 6^l

CNG (methane)

65 to 86^f, 85^e

16^e

12^o, 14^e, 21^r

10 to 22

petrol ref. + 9^m

FCV

H₂ fuel cell (gaseous H₂ stored in pressure tanks)

37^g, 40^c, 53^h

50^a, 56^k

20 to 23^p, 22^a, 23^s, 29^q

19 to 30

BEV

Electric car (literature)

73^k, 80 to 90ⁿ

59 to 80^t, 74^k

Electric car minimumⁱ

15ⁱ

73^k

11

Electric car optimumⁱ

59 to 85^j

90ⁿ

53 to 77