From: Environmental risk assessment of genetically modified plants - concepts and controversies
Current ERA model | Alternative ERA model | |
---|---|---|
Focus | Novel trait = novel protein (pesticide model) as separate singular component | GMO (novel protein is integral component) |
Stressor (characteristic causing adverse effect) | Primary | Primary (= GMO) |
= novel trait | Secondary (any other measure required to realize benefit and intended effect of GMO) | |
= novel protein | ||
Test material | Bacteria-produced and purified novel protein | Bacteria-produced and purified novel protein |
Pollen | Pollen | |
GMO | ||
Tested effects | ||
Direct acute effects | Yes | Yes |
Direct chronic effects | No, unless significant adverse direct effects at low tier | Yes, for selected species |
Indirect effects | No, unless significant adverse direct effects at low tier | Yes, for selected species |
Interaction effects with other primary and secondary plant compounds and/or the environment | No, unless significant adverse direct effects at low tier | Yes, for selected species |
Test organisms | Standard set of universal testing species, representative for trophic levels of a generic ecosystem (i.e., first producer, first consumer, second consumer, etc.) according to OECD [33] guidelines for pesticide testing | Procedure for case-specific selection of suitable testing species, representative for important ecological functions of the receiving environments |
Testing procedures | Prescriptive regarding detailed standardised experimental protocols according to OECD [33] guidelines for pesticide testing | Prescriptive regarding procedure to develop proper risk hypotheses and derive relevant testing protocols for the selected testing species |