Table 1 International conventions and agreements related to marine ecological restoration and marine disaster prevention and reduction
No. | Voting approval time | Signing location | International convention name | Main content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | May 12, 1954 | London | International convention for the prevention of marine oil pollution [20] | Take measures to prevent seawater from being contaminated by oil discharged from ships |
2 | April 29, 1958 | Geneva | Convention on fishing and conservation of the living resources of the high seas [21] | All countries have the right to allow their nationals to fish on the high seas and have a responsibility to take or cooperate with, necessary measures to conserve the living resources of the high seas |
3 | February 2, 1971 | Ramsar, Iran | Convention on wetlands of international importance, especially as habitat for waterfowl [22] | Wetlands are an international resource; believing that a visionary national policy combined with coordinated international action can protect wetlands and their flora and fauna |
4 | November 16, 1972 | Paris | Convention concerning the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage [23] | Establish a permanent and effective system based on modern scientific methods for the collective protection of cultural and natural heritage with outstanding universal value |
5 | December 29, 1972 | London; Mexico City; Moscow and Washington | Convention on the prevention of marine pollution by dumping of waste and other matter [24] | The convention controls any intentional dumping of waste and other substances at sea from ships, aircraft, platforms, or other artificial structures at sea, and any intentional abandonment of ships, aircraft, platforms, or other artificial structures at sea |
6 | March 3, 1973 | Washington D.C | The convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora [25] | Regulate rather than completely ban international trade in wild species, it is achieved through species classification and licensing to achieve sustainable utilization of the wild species market |
7 | November 2, 1973 | London | The 1973 international convention for the prevention of pollution from ships, as amended by the 1978 protocol [20] | Eliminate the pollution of oil and other toxic and harmful substances from ships to the ocean, and minimize marine pollution caused by daily ship operations and maritime accidents |
8 | June 23, 1979 | Bonn | Convention for the protection of migratory species of wild animals [26] | The objects protected by the convention are wildlife migratory species that pass through national borders or areas beyond national borders |
9 | September 19, 1979 | Bern, Switzerland | The conservation of European wildlife and natural habitats [27] | Ensure the protection of wildlife species and their habitats. Pay special attention to endangered and vulnerable species |
10 | December 10, 1982 | Jamaica | United Nations convention on the law of the sea [28] | Territorial waters, adjacent zones, exclusive economic zones, continental shelves, straits used for international navigation, archipelagic countries, island systems, closed or semi-closed seas, the rights and freedom of transit of landlocked countries to enter and leave the sea, international seabed and marine scientific research, protection and security of the marine environment, development and transfer of marine technology, and so on |
11 | June 4–14, 1992 | Rio de Janeiro | United Nations framework convention on climate change [29] | Recognizing the global nature of climate change requires all countries to cooperate as widely as possible based on their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, as well as their social and economic conditions, and to participate in effective and appropriate international response actions to protect the climate system for present and future generations |
12 | June 5, 1992 | Rio de Janeiro | Convention on biological diversity [30] | The convention has three main objectives: protecting biodiversity; Sustainable utilization of components of biodiversity; and Sharing the benefits of genetic resources fairly and reasonably |
13 | November 2, 2001 | Paris | Convention for the protection of underwater cultural heritage [31] | Underwater cultural heritage is an integral part of human cultural heritage, and all countries should take responsibility for protecting underwater cultural heritage |
14 | June 19 and 20, 2023 | New York | Agreement on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction under the United Nations convention on the law of the sea [32] | The agreement provides for activities related to marine genetic resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction, benefit sharing, and the establishment of zoning management tools, including marine protected areas |