Environmental Sciences Europe

Table 6 Long-run results of the estimated models

From: Determining the environmental effect of Chinese FDI on the Belt and Road countries CO₂ emissions: an EKC-based assessment in the context of pollution haven and halo hypotheses

Variable	DK–FE			DK–RE
Variable	Coeff.	Drisc/Kray std. err.	Prob.	Coeff.	Drisc/Kray std. err.	Prob.
Panel A
Y	2.7970	0.3585	0.000	2.7715	0.6156	0.000
Y²	− 0.1318	0.0197	0.000	− 0.1286	0.0322	0.002
CoFDI	− 0.0039	0.0019	0.069	− 0.0031	0.0048	0.071
EI	0.1207	0.1262	0.000	0.1256	0.0138	0.000
RE	− 0.0109	0.0007	0.000	− 0.0112	0.0014	0.000
_Con	− 12.856	1.6175	0.000	− 12.678	2.7768	0.001
Prob > Chi²			0.989
Panel B
Y	2.8153	0.5627	0.000	2.8820	0.6345	0.001
Y²	− 0.1239	0.0283	0.001	− 0.1316	0.0304	0.001
CoFDI	0.0650	0.0672	0.000	0.0672	0.0140	0.000
EI	0.0885	0.0071	0.000	0.0842	0.0059	0.000
RE	− 0.0068	0.0019	0.003	− 0.0071	0.0023	0.009
_Con	− 11.255	2.6936	0.001	− 11.243	2.9729	0.002
Prob > Chi²			0.1321

CoFDI Chinese outward FDI, Y GDP capita and all of these variables are in the natural log, while EI energy intensity, and RE renewable energy consumption. Panel A consists of the European region, and Panel B includes other Asia and MENA regions

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