Table 3 The circular approach evidenced by the clusters

Waste management by insects

• Upcycling processes to generate high-value products:

- Micro and macro-nutrients [36, 42]

- Biofuels [41, 84, 89, 91, 107]

- Bio-lubricants [91]

- Fertilizers [41, 84, 89, 91, 92, 107]

- Pharmaceuticals [41, 84, 89, 107]

- Cosmetics [89, 91]

- Bioplastics [89, 91]

• Benefits for smallholder farmers [42, 90, 95]

Insects-based feeds

• Upcycling processes to generate:

- Alternative proteins [42, 85, 97, 109]

Insect-based food acceptance

• Co-design processes to generate:

- Closed-loop systems [105]