Table 9 Effects of glyphosate, co-formulants, and/or its formulated herbicide products on amphibians reported in the scientific literature since 2010

L. sylvaticus

VisionMax

0.021–2.9 mg AI^a l⁻¹

48 d^b

Survival, development, growth, sex ratio, gonadal morhology

Decreased survival, delayed metamorphic development (2.9 mg AI l⁻¹), affected weight and, tail length of tadpoles (≥ 0.021 mg AI l⁻¹), altered expression of thyroid- and stress-related genes, no effects on sex ratios or gonadal morphology

[263]

L. latrans

GLY^c, roundup ultramax

GLY: 3–300 mg l⁻¹, GBH^d: 0.37–5.25 mg a.e.^e GLY l⁻¹

96 h^f

Growth, development, histopathological endpoints

No effects on growth and development, liver damage (GBH: ≥ 0.37 mg a.e. GLY l⁻¹, GLY: ≥ 15 mg l⁻¹), increased levels of melanomacrophagic cells and melanomacrophagic centers (GBH: ≥ 0.37 mg a.e. GLY l⁻¹, GLY: ≥ 3 mg l⁻¹), histopathological lesions

[82]

E. johnstonei

Roundup SL, surfactant Cosmoflux 411F

GBH mixture (55:44:1 – water:GBH:surfactant): in vivo toxicity: 7.6–112.3 µg a.e. GLY cm⁻² (spraying), in vivo cito-and genotoxicity: 0.5–15 µg a.e. GLY cm⁻², in vitro cito-and genotoxicity: 4.6–37.0 mg a.e. GLY ml⁻¹

24–96 h

Mortality, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity

LC₅₀^gmales = 49 µg a.e. GLY cm⁻² LC₅₀females = 54 µg a.e. GLY cm⁻²

LC₅₀neonates = 12 µg a.e. GLY cm⁻²

in vitro (≥ 95 µg a.e. GLY ml⁻¹) and in vivo (≥ 5.4 µg a.e. GLY cm⁻²) cytotoxicity, dose-dependent effects on DNA damage

[264]

L. catesbeianus

GLY, GBHs (Roundup Original and Roundup Transorb)

1 mg a.e. GLY l⁻¹

96 h

Oxygen uptake, morphometric analysis

GLY and GBHs affected the oxygen uptake, caused changes in skin morphology, altered thickness of epidermis (GLY, Roundup Original)

[265]

X. laevis

GLY, GLY-IPA^h, isopropylamine, Roundup

0.002–1.69 g l⁻¹- (GLY equivalent)

24 h

Morphological analysis, melanosome aggregation, effects on microtubules, actin filaments and localization of melanosomes

Severe adverse effects on melanosome aggregation (116.4 mg l⁻¹ GLY-IPA), pH-dependent effects of GLY, affected morphology, cytoskeletal integrity, and intracellular transport of melanosomes (0.085–0.845 g l⁻¹)

[266]

B. bufo

Roundup LB Plus,

0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 mg a.e. GLY l⁻¹

21–42 d

Egg and tadpole development

Temperature-dependent toxicity, exposure of eggs: increased tail, body, and total length; exposure of tadpoles: no effect on mortality, development, and morphology

[267]

B. bufo

Roundup PowerFlex

0–4 mg a.e. GLY l⁻¹

21–42 d

Egg and tadpole development

Temperature-dependent toxicity, exposure of eggs: increased tail and body length (15 °C); exposure of tadpoles: no effects on the tested parameters

[115]

B. spinosus

AMPA

0.4 μg l⁻¹

3 months

Hatching success, developmental abnormalities and morphology

No effects on hatching success, significant effects on fitness parameters (e.g., body and tail length)

[268]

B. spinosus

AMPA

0.07–3.57 μg l⁻¹

16 d

Hatching success, mortality and deformation rates

Higher embryonic mortality (0.07–0.39 μg l⁻¹), increased development duration, altered hatchlings morphology

[269]

L. pipiens, L. sylvaticus, B. americanus

Roundup Original MAX

1, 2, and 3 mg l⁻¹ a.e. GLY

21 d

Survival and average individual mass, morphological analyses

LC₅₀ = 2.44–3.26 mg l⁻¹, reduced mortality in presence of predators due to the induced antipredator morphology, interaction of GBH and predators on average mass

[270]

L. latinasus

GLY

170–17000 mg l⁻¹

48 h

Histological analysis, micronuclei and other erythrocytes nuclear abnormalities

Increased area of melanin, reduction in the area of hemosiderin, altered hepatic catabolism pigments, increased frequency of micronuclei (≥ 17,000 mg l⁻¹) and abnormalities in blood erythrocytes (17,000 mg l⁻¹)

[271]

P. cuvieri, P. gracilis

Roundup Original DI

Acute test:100–4500 μg a.e. GLY l⁻¹, chronic test: 65–1000 μg a.e. GLY l⁻¹

Acute test: 96 h, chronic test: 14 d

Mortality, length and mass, malformations

LC₅₀ P. cuvieri = 1006 μg a.e. GLY l⁻¹, LC₅₀P. gracilis = 1131 μg a.e. GLY l⁻¹, shorter body length and lower body weight (≥ 500 μg a.e. GLY l⁻¹), morphological alterations

[272]

L. latrans

GLY, Roundup Ultra Max

GLY: 3–300 mg l⁻¹, GBH: 0.0007–9.62 mg a.e. GLY l⁻¹

24–96 h

Mortality, swimming activity, growth, development, morphological abnormalities

GLY: no effects on mortality, LC₅₀ GBH = 3.26–9.61 mg a.e. GLY l⁻¹, affected growth and development, oral abnormalities and edema, altered swimming activity (GBH at the earlier developmental stage)

[273]

X. laevis

GBHs (Roundup, Kilo Max, and Environ Glyphosate)

Screening

96 h

Mortality

Earlier life stages of tadpole development showed higher sensitivity

[274]

X. laevis

GLY, Roundup Star

GLY: 282–500 mg l⁻¹, GBH: 31–50 mg AI l⁻¹

96 h

Mortality, development, enzyme activities

GLY has no effects on mortality, development, and enzyme activities, LC₅₀ GBH = 32.1–35.1 mg AI l⁻¹, altered development (≥ 31 mg AI l⁻¹), reduced carboxylesterase (17.6 mg AI l⁻¹)

[275]

X. laevis

Roundup LB Plus

Developmental assay (10–243 mg l⁻¹), neurological analysis and cardiotoxicity (121.5 and 243 mg l⁻¹)

96 h

Mortality, mobility, development (cardiac, eye and brain)

No effects on mortality, developmental effects, altered mobility (≥ 97 mg l⁻¹), impaired cardiac (≥ 97 mg l⁻¹), eye and brain development (≥ 121.5 mg l⁻¹)

[276]

X. laevis

GBHs (Roundup. Enviro Glyphosate, Kilo Max)

Roundup: 0.2–0.6 mg l⁻¹, Enviro Glyphosate: 0.9–28 mg l⁻¹, Kilo Max: 90–280 mg l⁻¹

96 h

Survival, development, sex ratio, reproductive malformation

No effects on mortality (GBHs), reduced body mass of the metamorphs (Kilo Max and Glyphosate Enviro), altered sex ratio (Kilo Max 280 mg l⁻¹), induced reproductive malformations

[277]

E. cyanophlyctis

Roundup

Testing of survival: 1–8 mg a.e. GLY l⁻¹, genotoxicity study: 1–3 mg a.e. GLY l⁻¹

Testing of survival: 15 d, genotoxicity study: 24–96 h

Survival, genotoxicity

96-h LC₅₀GBH = 3.76 mg a.e. GLY l⁻¹ and 3.39 mg a.e. GLY l⁻¹ (in the absence and presence of predator), 10-d LC₅₀GBH = 2.12 mg a.e. GLY l⁻¹ and 1.91 mg a.e. GLY l⁻¹, increased frequency of micronuclei (≥ 2.0 mg a.e. GLY l⁻¹)

[278]

X. laevis

GLY, Roundup Power 2.0

GLY: 7.5–50 mg l⁻¹

GBH: 1–25 mg a.e. GLY l⁻¹

96 h

Survival, LC₅₀, embryotoxicity, morphological analysis

Embryolethal effects of GLY (50 mg l⁻¹), 96-h EC₅₀ⁱGBH = 7.8 mg a.e. GLY l⁻¹, high teratogenic potential of GBH, with concentration-dependent abnormal phenotypes, cardiac malformations (≥ 30 mg l⁻¹ GLY)

[279]

H. pardalis, P. cuvieri

GLY

84–150 mg l⁻¹

96 h

LC₅₀

LC₅₀ = 106 and 115 mg l⁻¹ for P. cuvieri and H. pardalis

[280]

D. minutus

Roundup Original

0.28–4 mg AI l⁻¹

96 h

Acute toxicity, DNA damage, micronucleus test

No mortality, no effects on body mass and length, increase in DNA damage, (≥ 0.28 mg AI l⁻¹), no significant effects on micronuclei in erythrocytes

[281]

R. dalmatina

Glyphogan Classic

2 and 6.5 mg a.e. GLY l⁻¹

21 d

Number of tadpoles, behavior

Reduced tadpole activity and increased hiding (6.5 mg a.e. GLY l⁻¹), altered vertical position (2 mg a.e. GLY l⁻¹)

[282]

R. arenarum

GBHs (Roundup Ultra-Max, Infosato, and Glifoglex, C-K Yuyos)

1.85–240 mg a.e. GLY l⁻¹

48 h

Acute toxicity, enzyme activities

Differences in the acute toxicity of GBHs (similar effects of Glifoglex, C-K Yuyos), reduced activity of AChE^j, carboxylesterase, GST^k, and butyrylcholinesterase

[283]

B. bufo

Glyphogan Classic

2 and 4 mg a.e. GLY l⁻¹

Laboratory test: 9 d, outdoor mesocosm: 21 d

Bufadienolide content

Higher level of bufadienolides (4 mg a.e. GLY l⁻¹) during metamorphosis, increased bufadienolide content after three-weeks exposure in mesocosm (2–4 mg a.e. GLY l⁻¹)

[284]

L. sylvaticus

Roundup WeatherMax

(0.21 and 2.8 mg a.e. GLY l⁻¹)

28–53 d

Survival, growth and development

GLY (2.8 mg a.e. GLY l⁻¹) and nutrient enrichment caused lower survival in situ, larger larvae, no significant effects on larval development

[285]

R. arenarum

Roundup Ultra-Max

20 mg l⁻¹

48 h

Enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes,

No effects on butyrylcholinesteras, GST, and carboxylesterase activities or DNA damage, increased heterophil l-1ymphocyte (H l⁻¹) ratio in peripheral blood

[208]

A. maculatum

GLY-4 Plus

3 mg a.e. GLY l⁻¹

Toxicity test: 34 d, cellular immune response: 48 h

Survival, body size, percentage of metamorphs, and cellular immune response

Increased number of metamorphs (3 mg a.e. GLY l⁻¹) effects on survival, body size, and cellular immune response were strongly influenced by moderate or low UV-B light regimes

[286]

E. wilderae

Roundup

0.73–2.92 µg a.e. GLY l⁻¹

4–5 h

Behavioral parameters (e.g., exploratory movement frequency, distance, and refuge use)

Reduced burst distance, shorter and more frequent movements (2.92 µg a.e. GLY l⁻¹), effects were inconsistently affected by water temperature

[287]

D. minutus

GLY, POEA^l

GLY: 65–520 μg l⁻¹, POEA: 1.25–10 μg l⁻¹

96 h

Genotoxicity, mutagenicity, hepatic histopathology

More genomic damage (1.25–10 μg l⁻¹ POEA, ≥ 260 μg l⁻¹ GLY), increased level of micronuclei (5 μg l⁻¹ POEA, 520 μg l⁻¹ GLY), increased DNA damage (5 μg l⁻¹ POEA, ≥ 260 μg l⁻¹), histopathological effects

[288]

R. humboldti, E. pustulosus, H. crepitans, R. marina

Roundup Active, adjuvant Cosmo-Flux 411F

Laboratory test: 325–6000 μg a.e. GLY l⁻¹, microcosms: 3.69–29.52 kg a.e. GLY ha⁻¹

96 h

LC₅₀, body size parameters, swimming performance

Embryos were more tolerant, concentration-dependent effects on morphological parameters (e.g., total length, head width, corporal length), effects on embryonic development for R. humboldti, no effects on swimming performance

[289]

B. fowleri, R. catesbeiana, H. chrysoscelis, R. clamitans, R. pipiens

GLY-IPA, Roundup, MON 0818

GLY-IPA: 0.42–41.48 mg a.e. GLY l⁻¹, GBH: 0.3–7.0 mg a.e. GLY l⁻¹, MON0818: 0.06–2.00 mg l⁻¹

96 h

Mortality

No significant mortality of GLY, LC₅₀GBH = 1.80–4.22 mg a.e. GLY l⁻¹, LC₅₀POEA = 0.68–1.32 mg l⁻¹

[290]

R. dalmatina, B. bufo

GLY, POEA

GLY: 1, 2 or 4 mg a.e. GLY l⁻¹, POEA: 0.44, 0.88 or 1.74 ml l⁻¹

96 h

Survival, body mass

Reduced survival and affected bod mass (≥ 0.88 ml l⁻¹ POEA), mortality and body mass were not affected by GLY alone, in the presence of the POEA, higher mortality

[291]