Table 8 Effects of glyphosate, its derivatives, co-formulants, and/or its formulated herbicide products on fish reported in the scientific literature since 2010

P. lineatus

Roundup

10 mg l⁻¹

6–96 ha

Antioxidant analysis, AChE^b

Reduced SOD^c and glutathione peroxidase activity, increased glutathione levels and GST^d activity, inhibited AChE in brain (96 h) and in muscle (24–96 h)

[214]

R. quelen

Roundup

0.45 and 0.95 mg l⁻¹

8 d^e

Oxidative stress parameters (e.g., antioxidant enzymes, GST activity)

Increased thiobarbituric acid reactive species and protein carbonyl levels (≥ 0.45 mg l⁻¹), decreased GST activity (≥ 0.45 mg l⁻¹), no effects on SOD and ascorbic acid

[215]

D. rerio

Roundup Flex

1, 5 and 10 mg AI^f l⁻¹

4 h 30 min

Biochemical parameters (e.g., ROS^g, SOD, lipid peroxidation, apoptosis)

Increased ROS and cell death (10 mg AI l⁻¹), no effects on SOD, GSH and lipid peroxidation

[216]

S. trutta

GLY^h, roundup

0.01–10 mg a.e.ⁱ GLY l⁻¹

14 d

Transcripts encoding components of the antioxidant system, stress-response proteins and pro-apoptotic signaling molecules

Upregulation of the antioxidant system, significant changes in the expression of transcripts encoding components of the antioxidant system, stress-response proteins, pro-apoptotic signaling molecules

[84]

C. auratus

GLY

2.5–5 mg l⁻¹

120 h

Hematological and biochemical parameters

Decreased SOD, glutathione peroxidase (5 mg l⁻¹), and catalase (≥ 2.5 mg l⁻¹), increased malondialdehyde concentration, slightly decreased number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit levels

[217]

Annual killifish (Cynopoecilus sp.)

Roundup original

65–260 µg AI l⁻¹

7 d

Oxidative stress parameters (e.g., SOD, GST, lipid peroxidation)

Age-dependent effects on the activity of SOD, catalase and the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive species, no effects on catalase activity

[218]

P. reticulata

Roundup transorb

0.91–3.66 mg l⁻¹

24 h

Micronucleus, nuclear abnormalities

Concentration-dependent frequency of nuclear abnormalities, increased number of damaged cells

[219]

P. mesopotamicus

Roundup full II

2.75–13.25 mg l⁻¹

96 h

Acute toxicity, micronucleus, nuclear abnormalities

LC₅₀^j = 8.92 mg l⁻¹, higher frequency of micronucleus and nuclear abnormalities (2.75 mg l⁻¹)

[220]

A. anguilla

GLY, Roundup Ultra, POEA^k

GLY: 17.9–35.7 µg l⁻¹, GBH^l: 58–116 µg l⁻¹, POEA: 9.3–18.6 µg l⁻¹

1–3 d

Genetic damage

Genotoxic potential of GLY, GBH and POEA

[221]

L. rohita

Roundup

acute test: 6–14 mg l⁻¹, chronic test: 0.63–2.06 mg l⁻¹

Acute test: 96 h, chronic test: 28 d

Haematological and biochemical parameters

96-h LC₅₀ = 10.16 mg l⁻¹, reduced level of red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit value, increased level of white blood cells, altered biochemical and stress parameters (e.g., decreased activity of blood glucose, total protein, and alkaline phosphatase

[222]

D. rerio

GLY

0–1000 µg l⁻¹

96 h

Mortality, heart rate, hatching rate

No mortality, lower heart rates (100 and 1000 µg l⁻¹ at 48 h), altered transcriptome profiles (1000 µg l⁻¹ after 96 h)

[223]

D. rerio

GLY

30–120 mg l⁻¹

72 h

Survival and hatching rate, body lengths, embryo morphology, apoptosis, cardiovascular toxicity

Reduced survival, cardiac malformations apoptosis in the cardiac and vascular regions (≥ 60 mg l⁻¹), decreased hatching rate and body length (≥ 90 mg l⁻¹), altered caspase activity and ATP^m level

[224]

D. rerio

GLY, roundup original DI

250–1000 µg l⁻¹

96 h

Rate of survival and hatching, heart rate, malformations, behavior, biochemical biomarkers (e.g., GST and catalase, lipid peroxidation)

Decreased survival (500 µg l⁻¹ GBH), no behavioral effects, increased hatching (GBH at 48 hpfⁿ), higher rate of malformations (GBH), reduced heart rate, decreased activity of GST and AChE, no effects on other biochemical parameters

[225]

C. macropomum

Roundup

10 and 15 mg AI l⁻¹

96 h

Blood analysis, enzyme activities

Affected hematological parameters and biotransformation processes, ROS production, increased DNA damage, inhibited AChE activity

[226]

C. punctatus

Roundup

3.25–6.51 mg AI l⁻¹

35 d

DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes activities

Concentration-dependent and tissue-specific DNA damage, increased lipid peroxidation, suppressed antioxidant enzymes

[227]

D. rerio

GLY

700 µg l⁻¹

28 d

Hepatic metabolism

Sex-specific effects on hepatic metabolism, increased stress responses

[228]

D. rerio

GLY

0.7–35 mg l⁻¹

1–1.5 h

Body length, heart rate, hormone levels, oxidative stress, inflammation reactions, apoptosis

Malformations, reduced heart rate and body length (≥ 7 mg l⁻¹), decreased T3/T4 ratio (35 mg l⁻¹), oxidative stress (≥ 7 mg l⁻¹), induced inflammatory response and apoptosis

[229]

D. rerio

GLY, AMPA, GBHs (Dominator Extra 680 SL, Fozat 480, Roundup Mega, Total

0.35–2.8 mg a.e. l⁻¹

120 hpf

Development, in vivo estrogenicity

Acute toxicity: AMPA > GLY > GBHs, sublethal abnormalities (0.35–2.8 mg l⁻¹ GBHs), in vivo estrogenicity

[230]

C. carpio, in vitro: cell fish line

GLY

In vivo: 0.5 and 15 mg l⁻¹; in vitro: 0.65 and 3.25 mg l⁻¹

in vivo: 30 d; in vitro: 48 h

In vivo: histopathological analysis, biochemical analysis, swimming behavior; in vitro: cell proliferation, intracellular ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential, DNA damage

In vivo: oxidative DNA damage, liver inflammation, altered physical intestinal barrier (5–15 mg l⁻¹), inhibited AChE (15 mg l⁻¹), altered swimming behavior; in vitro: ROS production, mitochondrial dysfunction, reduced cell viability

[231]

D. rerio

GLY

1, 65, and 5000 µg l⁻¹

72 h

Nuclear abnormalities and micronuclei

Increased frequency of nuclear morphological abnormalities and micronuclei formation

[232]

D. rerio, C. carpio

GLY

0.005–50 mg l⁻¹

120 h

Mortality, hatching rate, developmental disorders

Highest cumulative mortality at 50 mg l⁻¹, reduced hatching rate in C. carpio (especially at 50 mg l⁻¹), hatching stimulation in D. rerio (96 hpf), concentration-dependent malformations

[81]

D. rerio

GLY

65 μg l⁻¹

15 d

Morphological ultrastructural, biochemical parameters

No observable changes in general morphology, but altered ultrastructure of ovaries, increased oocyte diameter, higher expression of SF-1

[233]

D. rerio

GLY, AMPA

1–700 ng ml l⁻¹

72 h

Morphological changes, apoptotic cells, ATPase activity

Reduced survival, hatching and deformity rate (≥ 10 ng ml l⁻¹), disturbed cardiac development and apoptosis, inhibited Na + /K + -ATPase and Ca2 + -ATPase activity (≥ 1 ng ml l⁻¹)

[234]

D. rerio

GLY, Roundup

GLY: 10 mg l⁻¹, GBH: 0.01–10 mg a.e. GLY l⁻¹

21 d

Mortality, reproductive parameters (e.g., hatching)

Decreased egg production, but no effects on fertilization rate (10 mg l⁻¹ GLY), increased mortality and premature hatching (10 mg l⁻¹ GLY/GBH)

[235]

J. multidentata

Roundup Max

Acute test: 5–100 mg l⁻¹, chronic test: 0.5 mg l⁻¹

Acute test: 96 h, chronic test: 28 d

LC₅₀, male sexual activity, histological analysis, gill morphometric

LC₅₀ = 19.02 mg l⁻¹, concentration-dependent histological changes in the gills and liver (≥ 0.5 mg l⁻¹), reduced number of copulations and mating success in males

[236]

D. rerio

GLY

5 or 10 mg l⁻¹

24 or 96 h

Sperm quality (e.g., concentration and motility)

No effects on sperm concentration, reduced motility, mitochondrial function, sperm membrane and DNA integrity (≥ 5 mg l⁻¹)

[237]

D. rerio

GBH

1–100 mg AI l⁻¹

24–96 h

Mortality, morphological abnormalities, carbonic anhydrase activity, ROS, apoptosis

Decreased survival (≥ 1 mg l⁻¹) and hatching rate (100 mg l⁻¹), malformations and decreased carbonic anhydrase activity (≥ 1 mg l⁻¹) ROS production, increased apoptosis

[238]

H. transpacificus

Roundup

0.064–640 mg AI l⁻¹

6 h

Hepatic 17β-estradiol, AChE, total glutathione

No effects on AChE, altered 17β-estradiol in males (≥ 0.078 mg l⁻¹), reduced glutathione concentration in males (0.7 mg l⁻¹)

[239]

C. gariepinus

Forceup

0.02–1 mg l⁻¹

24 h–8 d

Haematological and biochemical parameters, exploratory behavior, growth performance

Decreased body weight, (≥ 0.02 mg l⁻¹), growth (≥ 0.05 mg l⁻¹) and survival (1 mg l⁻¹), altered behavioral parameters (≥ 0.02 mg l⁻¹), increased malondialdehyde (≥ 0.05 mg l⁻¹), decreased reduced glutathione and SOD activity (≥ 0.1 mg l⁻¹), hematological effects

[240]

O. mykiss

GLY, GBHs (roundup innovert and Viaglif Jardin)

1 μg l⁻¹

10 months

Survival of the eggs, hematologic, immunologic, metabolic parameters, oxidative stress

No effects on average body weight, relative fecundity, fertility, and enzyme activities, decreased level of macrophages and phagocytic activity (GBHs, two months before spawning). Lower level of tumor necrosis factor-α (1 month after spawning)

[241]

C. decemmaculatus

Roundup Max

0.2–2 mg l⁻¹

42 d

Somatic indexes (condition factor, hepato-somatic index), locomotor activity, enzymatic activities (e.g., AChE, catalase, GST)

No effects on locomotor activity, somatic indexes, AChE and catalase activity

Higher GST activity in liver, reduced aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase activity

[242]

C. decemmaculatus

GLY

1–35 mg l⁻¹

96 h

AChE activity

Inhibited AChE activity (≥ 1 mg l⁻¹)

[243]

C. carpio

Roundup

0.5–10.0 mg l⁻¹

96 h

AChE activity, oxidative stress

Inhibited AChE activity (increased level after the recovery period), increased levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive species in the brain

[244]

R. quelen

GBHs (Orium, Roundup Original and Biocarb)

2.5 and 5.0 mg AI l⁻¹

96 h

Oxidative stress indicators (e.g., TBARS^o, antioxidant enzymes), transaminases

Increased TBARS and reduced catalase activity (≥ 2.5 mg l⁻¹), significant effects on SOD and GST, moderate to severe histopathological alterations, reduced levels of transaminases (Biocarb: 2.5 mg AI l⁻¹)

[245]

P. reticulata

GLY, AMPA^p

GLY: 50–73.2 mg l⁻¹, AMPA: 86.8–180 mg l⁻¹

96 h

LC₅₀, histopathological and histomorphometric analyses

LC₅₀GLY = 68.78–70.87 mg l⁻¹, LC₅₀AMPA = 164.3–180 mg l⁻¹, sex- and tissue-specific histopathological responses in the gills and liver (GLY: 35 mg l⁻¹, AMPA: 82 mg l⁻¹)

[246]

Surubim (crossbred between two Neotropical catfish species)

Roundup original

2.25–15 mg l⁻¹

96 h

Metabolic and behavioral parameters

Concentration-dependent and tissue-specific effects on metabolic parameters (e.g., glucose, lactate levels), decreased plasma cholesterol (2.25–15 mg l⁻¹), concentration-dependent behavioral effects

[247]

D. rerio

GLY, roundup

0.01–0.5 mg AI l⁻¹

96 h

Survival, morphological defects, behavioral parameters (e.g., exploratory and aggressive behavior, aversive memory)

No effects on survival, reduced body length (GBH: 0.01–0.5 mg AI l⁻¹) and altered behavior (≥ 0.01 mg AI l⁻¹) in larvae, in adults: altered exploratory (≥ 0.065 mg l⁻¹) and aggressive (≥ 0.01 mg AI l⁻¹) behavior, impaired memory

[248]

C. carpio

Aria

20.5–61.5 g l⁻¹

96 h

LC₅₀, histopathological and behavioral parameters

LC₅₀ = 28.2 g l⁻¹, hyperplasia, hypertrophy, and hyperemia of the gills, significant differences in the swimming behavior

[249]

Crossbred red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis mossambicus)

GLY

25–150 mg l⁻¹

7 weeks

Growth, somatic indexes

Concentration-dependent growth inhibition, alteration of HSI^q and GSI^r, decreased body weight and length (≥ 25 mg l⁻¹)

[250]

P. reticulata

Roundup transorb

0.34–5.2 mg GLY l⁻¹

2–96 h

LC₅₀, proteomic response, histopathological effects

LC₅₀ = 3.4 mg l⁻¹, time-dependent histopathological effects in the gills (1.82 mg AI l⁻¹), regressive, vascular and progressive disorders were indicated by histopathological indexes, 14 proteins (e.g., involved in metabolism and stress response) were affected

[251]

C. carpio

GLY

5 and 15 mg l⁻¹

60 d

Growth, AChE activity, behavior parameters, microbiome

Reduced weight growth (15 mg l⁻¹), affected blood–brain barrier permeability (≥ 5 mg l⁻¹), decreased AChE activity, reduced swimming speed (5 mg l⁻¹), altered microbiome

[252]

O. niloticus

GLY

2 mg l⁻¹

60 d

Biochemical parameters, transcriptome and proteome analysis

No effects on GPT^s and GOT^t activities, increased SOD activity and MDA^u content, reduced GSH^v and T-AOC^w levels, 94 up-regulated and 131 down-regulated genes (e.g., involved in ion transport, lipid metabolism)

[253]

Novel 3D S. salar co-culture model (primary hepatocytes and kidney epithelial cells)

GLY

0.8–84.5 mg l⁻¹

48 h

Cell viability, metabolomic profiling

Higher cell viability in 3D cultivated hepatocytes, affected lipid metabolism, increased cholesterol level and down-regulation of clusterin (84.5 mg l⁻¹)

[254]

D. rerio

GLY, AMPA

0.02–1.69 mg l⁻¹ (combination 1:1)

7 d

Survival, hatching, ROS, behavioral parameters

No effects on mortality, hatch success, development, and ROS production, concentration-dependent and substance-specific effects on enzymes (e.g., SOD), hyperactivity (GLY), lack of anxiety-like behaviors

[255]

O. niloticus

Roundup

0.6 mg AI l⁻¹

2–4 weeks

Oxidative stress, immunosuppression, liver and kidney dysfunction

Reduced body weight, no effects on growth, liver and kidney dysfunction, reduced level of tested proteins, oxidative stress response, antioxidant activity, lipid peroxidation, immunosuppression

[256]

D. rerio

GLY

Larvae: 0.2456 µg l⁻¹ larvae/day (dietary)

Adults: 1, 5, and 10 mg l⁻¹

96 h

Larvae: survival, adults: bioconcentration factors in the gills, liver, and muscle

Increased mortality, affected energy metabolism and feeding behavior of larvae, altered dynamics between zooplankton and fish larvae, bioaccumulation in zooplankton

[257]

P. lineatus

POEA

0.15–1.5 mg l⁻¹

24 h

DNA damages, biochemical and physiological parameters

Increased plasma lactate levels and decreased hepatic catalase activity, red blood cell counts and hemoglobin content, DNA damage, lipid peroxidation and hemolysis, no effects on hematocrit levels

[258]

A. anguilla

GLY, Roundup Ultra, POEA

GLY: 17.9 and 35.7 μg l⁻¹,

GBH: 58 and 116 μg l⁻¹, POEA: 9.3 and 18.6 μg l⁻¹

1–3 d

DNA damage, GDI

Higher levels of DNA damage (GBH: 116 μg l⁻¹, GLY: 17.6 μg l⁻¹, POEA: 9.3–18.6 μg l⁻¹, synergistic interaction between POEA and GLY in promoting non-specific DNA damage

[221]

D. rerio

GLY, Atanor 48, AMPA, POEA

GLY, GBH, AMPA: 1.7–100 mg l⁻¹, POEA: 0.4–16 mg l⁻¹

96 h

Acute toxicity, genetic damage index

No acute toxic effects of GLY and AMPA, LC₅₀GBH = 76.50 mg l⁻¹, LC₅₀POEA = 5.49 mg l⁻¹, genotoxic potential, direct genotoxic properties of POEA

[259]