Table 6 Effects of glyphosate, co-formulants, and/or its formulated herbicide products on aquatic snails, trematodes, and Echinodermata reported in the scientific literature since 2010

P. canaliculata

GLY^a

acute test: 2–300 mg l⁻¹, chronic test: 0.02–20 mg l⁻¹ or 0.2–120 mg l⁻¹

acute test: 96 h^b, chronic test: 21–135 d^c

Acute toxicity, hatching rate, physiological responses, enzyme assays

LC₅₀^d = 175 mg l⁻¹, inhibited food intake, changes in metabolic profile (20–120 mg l⁻¹), increased growth (2 mg l⁻¹), cellular responses in enzyme activities (≥ 0.2 mg l⁻¹)

[203]

Lymnaea sp.

GLY

200 µg l⁻¹

21 d

Fatty acid composition, antioxidant capacity, lipid peroxidation

Increased GST^e activity, no effects on lipid peroxidation, temperature-dependent effects on various endpoints

[204]

L palustris

GLY, roundup

3-w mesocosm: 3.5 mg l⁻¹ GLY, chronic test: GLY: 3.5 mg l-1, GBH^f: 19.5 mg l⁻¹

3 w^g, chronic test: 6 w

Mortality, development, reproduction, steroid and protein analysis

Increased fecundity, altered steroid levels, increased level of aromatase, reduced level of steroid acute regulatory protein, higher toxicity of the GBH

[205]

P. pilsbryi

Surfactant MON 0818

0–20 mg l⁻¹

Acute test: 96 h

Survival, oviposition, viability of eggs

LC₅₀ adults = 4.9–9.1 mg l⁻¹, LC₅₀ juveniles = 4 mg l⁻¹, affected viability of eggs (> 9.9 mg l⁻¹), concentration-dependent reduction in egg number

[206]

E. paraensei

Roundup

225, 450 and 900 mg l⁻¹

15 min–24 h

In vitro: hatching miracidia, mortality and excystment rate of metacercariae; in vivo: parasitic load and egg production

Affected hatching miracidia rate, concentration-dependent mortality and excystment rate of metacercariae, no significant difference in parasitic load and egg production

[207]

P. lividus

GLY, AMPA^h and Roundup Power 2.0

1–100 μg l⁻¹

48 h

Larval development and growth, respiration rate

Similar toxicity of GLY and AMPA on the respiration, GBH less toxic, altered larval development (from 10 to 50 μg l⁻¹)

[208]