Table 5 Effects of glyphosate, its derivatives, co-formulants, and/or its formulated herbicide products on mussels reported in the scientific literature since 2010
From: Aquatic ecotoxicity of glyphosate, its formulations, and co-formulants: evidence from 2010 to 2023
Test organism | Type of tested compound | Tested concentrations | Duration | Tested endpoints | Observed effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C. gigas | Roundup express, POEAa | 0.1, 1, 100 µg l−1 | 35 db | Mortality, length, weight, biochemical endpoints | Low mortality, few significant differences, temporal variations of biomarkers | [195] |
C. gigas | GLYc, AMPAd, GBHse (Roundup Express, Roundup Allées et Terrasses) | 0.1–10,000 µg l−1 | metamorphosis test: 24 hf, embriotoxicity test: 48 h | Embryo-larval development, metamorphosis | No effects on embryo-larval development up to 1000 µg l−1, higher toxicity of GBHs | [196] |
L. fortunei | Glifosato Atanor + surfactant Impacto | 6 mg AIg l−1 + 2,5% surfactant | 28 d | Total weight, shell length, biochemical parameters (e.g., enzyme activities) | Increased GSTh and alkaline phosphatase activity, decreased carboxylesterases activity, no oxidative damage, no effects on several enzyme activities | [80] |
M. galloprovincialis | GLY | 10–1000 µg l−1 | 21 d | Biomarkers of cellular and oxidative stress | Disruption of energy metabolism, Ca2+ homeostasis, cell signalling, endoplasmic reticulum stress response (≥ 10 µg l−1) | [197] |
M. galloprovincialis | GLY | 10–1000 µg l−1 | 21 d | Haemocyte and haemolymph parameters, antioxidant and AChEi activities | Dose- and time-dependent effects on biomarkers, (≥ 10 µg l−1), no effects on antioxidant enzymes | [198] |
M. galloprovincialis | GLY, AMPA | 0.1–1.0 µg l−1 | 90 min | Cytoprotective and detoxification mechanisms in haemocytes, MXRj activity | Induced cytoprotective responses, altered MXR activity (≥ 0.1 µg l−1) | [199] |
P. perna | GLY | 12.7–2536 mg l−1 | 5 min | Cholinesterase activity | IC50k = 104.8–137.0 mg l−1 | [200] |
M. galloprovincialis | GLY, AMPA | 100 µg l−1 | 21 d | Gene expression and microbiome analysis | Affected digestive gland bacterial community, changed transcriptional levels of genes involved in immune response and apoptosis regulation | [201] |
C. gigas | POEA surfactant system (Genamin T-200) | acute test: 0.1–1000 µg l−1, metamorphosis test: 0.1–10,000 µg l−1 | Acute test: 36 h, metamorphosis test: 24 h | Embryotoxicity, metamorphose | Larval development (EC50 = 262 µg l−1), metamorphosis (EC50 = 3027 µg l−1) | [202] |