Aquatic ecotoxicity of glyphosate, its formulations, and co-formulants: evidence from 2010 to 2023

Klátyik, Szandra; Simon, Gergely; Oláh, Marianna; Takács, Eszter; Mesnage, Robin; Antoniou, Michael N.; Zaller, Johann G.; Székács, András

doi:10.1186/s12302-024-00849-1

Environmental Sciences Europe

Table 4 Effects of glyphosate, its derivatives, co-formulants, and/or its formulated herbicide products on hydra, aquatic arthropods and rotifers reported in the scientific literature since 2010

From: Aquatic ecotoxicity of glyphosate, its formulations, and co-formulants: evidence from 2010 to 2023

Test organism	Type of tested compound	Tested concentrations	Duration	Tested endpoints	Observed effects	References
H. viridissima	GLY^a, Roundup Ready	5.2 mg l⁻¹ (AI^b equivalent)	24–96 h^c	Mortality, morphology, feeding, reproduction, regeneration	No effects on mortality, morphological alterations, complete regeneration in 95% (GLY), no complete regeneration and reduced reproduction (GBH^d) decreased feeding rates	[159]
D. magna, C. dubia	GBHs (Eskoba, Panzer Gold, Roundup Ultramax, Sulfosato Touchdown	0.15–40 mg a.e.^e GLY l⁻¹	Acute test: 48 h, recovery test: 15 d^f	Acute toxicity, recovery—survival	C. dubia—higher sensitivity, different neonatal mortality rates	[79]
V. fischeri, D. magna	GLY-IPA^g, GBHs (Roundup Max, Roundup Quick)	Stock solutions: GLY-IPA and Roundup Max: 6.8 g a.e. GLY l⁻¹; Roundup Quick: 7.2 g a.e. GLY l⁻¹	V. fischeri: 30 min, D. magna: 48 h	EC₅₀^h	Significant differences in EC₅₀ values and the sensitivity	[100]
D. magna, L. quadridentata	GLY, Faena	0.001–1000 mg l⁻¹	48 h	LC₅₀ⁱ, EC₅₀, enzymatic activities	Higher toxicity of GBH	[168]
D. magna, D. spinulata	Ron-do	18–250 mg AI l⁻¹	48 h	EC₅₀	48-h EC₅₀ = 61.72–66.18 mg l⁻¹	[169]
D. magna	GBHs	Screening tests	120 h	Acute toxicity	EC₅₀ = 1.75 − 6.75 mg l⁻¹	[170]
D. magna	GLY, Spasor	GLY: up to 2000 mg l⁻¹, GBH: 265–355 mg l⁻¹	48 h	EC₅₀	48-h EC₅₀GBH = 299–315 mg l⁻¹, 48-h EC₅₀GLY = > 2000 mg l⁻¹	[171]
D. magna	GLY, Roundup	GBH: 5.1–15.2 mg l⁻¹; GLY: 49.8–981.8 mg l⁻¹	48 h	EC₅₀	Higher toxicity of GBH	[172]
D. magna	GLY (binary mixture of GLY and silver nanoparticles)	Acute test: 0–120 mg l⁻¹, chronic test: 2.92–14.86 mg l⁻¹	Acute test: 48 h, chronic test: 21 d	EC₅₀	48-h EC₅₀ = 88–90.41 mg l⁻¹, no clear interaction, combined chronic multigenerational effects	[173]
D. magna	GLY-IPA, Roundup	Chronic test: 0–4.05 mg l⁻¹	Acute test: 48 h, chronic test: 55 d	Survival, growth, fecundity	Lower acute and higher chronic toxicity of GBH, reduced juvenile size (≥ 0.05 mg AI l⁻¹), altered growth, fecundity (GBH 0.45 mg AI l⁻¹)	[174]
D. magna	Roundup	0–100 mg AI l⁻¹	48 h	Mobility, enzyme activity	Temperature-dependent toxicity	[175]
D. magna	GLY	0–600 mg l⁻¹	24 h	Acute toxicity, gene expression	Down-regulation of the Cyp4 gene, no effects on Cyp314 and vtg	[176]
D. magna, C. vicinus	Sumin atut	20–640 mg l⁻¹	48 h	Acute toxicity, morphology	More sensitive D. magna, altered head with in both species, body length alteration of C. vicinus	[177]
D. magna	Sulfosato touchdown	1–8 mg AI l⁻¹	30 d	Diversity, hatching parameters	Decreased diversity (≥ 2.7 mg l⁻¹), altered community composition, altered hatching dynamics	[179]
Zooplankton	Glifosato atanor	3.5 mg AI l⁻¹	21 d	Abundance, composition	Altered composition of zooplankton	[180]
P. similis	GLY	Acute test: 1–60 mg l⁻¹, chronic test: 1–1000 µg l⁻¹	48 h	Acute toxicity, multigenerational effects	48-h LC₅₀ = 33.91 mg l⁻¹, reduced growth of F0 to F6 generations, transgenerational effects	[181]
A. franciscana	Roundup	1–100 mg l⁻¹ AI	48 h	Metabolome analysis	GBH effects on important metabolites	[182]
A. salina	Roundup Weed & Grass Killer	9–288 μg AI ml⁻¹, morphological analysis: 0.72–72 μg AI ml⁻¹	24–48 h	Hatching, mortality, morphology, catalase activity	Complete inhibition of hatching (144–288 μg AI ml⁻¹), no effects on mortality (≤ 72 μg AI ml⁻¹), altered early development and increased catalase activity (≥ 0.72 μg AI ml⁻¹)	[183]
D. magna	POEA formulations	0.1–10,000 µg l⁻¹	48 h	Mortality, body length	LC₅₀ = 97.0–849.4 µg l⁻¹, reduced body length (≥ 500 µg l⁻¹)	[184]
Zooplankton	Alkyl polyglucosides	0.01–10 mg l⁻¹	1 months	Abundance, and composition	Adverse effects (≥ 2.5 mg l⁻¹)	[186]
D. magna	Alkyl polyglycoside	Screening tests	24 h	Immobility	Variation in toxicity	[145]
C. nilotica (neonates, juveniles, adults)	Roundup	Neonates: 0–8 mg l⁻¹, juveniles: 0–10 mg l⁻¹, adults: 0–40 mg l⁻¹	96 h	LC₅₀, swimming behavior	LC₅₀ = 2.5–25.3 mg AI l⁻¹, behavioral irregularities	[187]
N. granulata	GLY	0.02, 0.2 and 1 mg l⁻¹	72 h	Somatic and ovarian growth	Decreased body weight gain, no effects on GSI and HSI, a higher rate of reabsorbed vitellogenic oocytes (1 mg l⁻¹)	[188]
N. granulata	Roundup Ultramax	0.01 and 0.2 mg a.e. GLY l⁻¹	3 months	Ovarian growth	Increased glycemia, no effects on GSI, higher rate of reabsorbed vitellogenic oocytes, decreased vtg content and inhibited ovarian protein synthesis (0.2 mg l⁻¹)	[189]
E. sinensis	GBH	0–400 mg l⁻¹	96 h	Acute toxicity, immune response and DNA damage	LC₅₀ = 97.89 mg l⁻¹, decreased phagocytic activity, THC and rate of granulocytes, varied immune-related enzyme activities	[190]
E. sinensis	Roundup original	48.95 mg l⁻¹	7 d	Testes morphology, physiology function, and spermatozoa quality	Spermatogenesis disorder, extensive apoptosis of spermatids, altered morphology and quality	[191]
C. xanthus	Roundup original	Survival test: 2–3125 mg a.e. GLY l⁻¹, life-cycle test: 0.6–18 mg a.e. GLY l⁻¹	Survival test: 48 h, life-cycle test: 28 d	Survival, growth, emergence	LC₅₀ = 251.5 mg l⁻¹, reduced larval growth, affected emergence (≥ 0.49 mg l⁻¹)	[192]
Macroinvertebrates	Roundup	85 μg litter bag⁻¹	30 d	Composition, abundance	No significant effects	[193]
C. pulchellum	GLY, Roundup	1 and 2 mg AI l⁻¹	7 d	Survival, behavior, physiological parameters (e.g. food intake, swimming speed)	Higher toxicity of GBH	[194]

^aGlyphosate, ^bactive ingredient, ^chour, ^dGLY-based herbicides, ^eacid equivalent, ^fday, ^gGLY-isopropylammonium salt, ^h50% effective concentration, ⁱ50% lethal concentration

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