Table 10 Combined effects of glyphosate and/or its formulated herbicide products with other aquatic pollutants reported in the scientific literature since 2010

P. similis

Chlorpyrifos and GLY^a

acute test: 1–60 mg l⁻¹ GLY and 50–1000 µg l⁻¹ chlorpyrifos, chronic test: 1–1000 µg l⁻¹ GLY and 0.1–10 µg l⁻¹ chlorpyrifos

48 h^b

Acute toxicity, multigenerational effects

Reduced growth of F0 to F6 generations, transgenerational effects

[181]

P. leptodactylus

Chlorpyrifos-based and GLY-based formulations

GLY: 0–0.8 mg l⁻¹, chlorpyrifos: 0–5 µg l⁻¹

21 d^c

Combined effects on biochemical and immunological parameters in hemolymph, oxidative biomarkers in hepatopancreas

Decreased enzyme activities (e.g., AChE^d and alkaline phosphatase and total protein levels, increased enzyme activities (e.g., glutamic-pyruvic-transaminase), glucose content and malondialdehyde levels

[292]

C. carpio

Chlorpyrifos and GLY

CPF^e: 25 µg l⁻¹, GLY: 3.5 mg l⁻¹, alone and in combination

21 d

Enzyme activites (AChE, Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, monoamine oxidase), stress-related indicators (e.g., SOD^f, CAT^g, GST^h)

Induced accumulation of malondialdehyde in the brain, decreased enzyme activities (e.g., AChE, catalase, GST) were observed after individual exposures, increased combined toxicity

[293]

R. arenarum

Dicamba-based (Banvel) and GLY-based (Credit) formulations

Banvel 96.0–720.0 mg l⁻¹, GBHⁱ: 50.0–100.0 mg l⁻¹

96 hⁱ

Mortality, genotoxic effects (DNA damage)

LC₅₀^j = 358.44 mg l⁻¹ and 78.18 mg l⁻¹ for dicamba and GLY, induced DNA damage, exposure, increased genetic damage index, higher combined toxicity

[294]

R. arenarum

Imazethapyr-based (Pivot) and GLY-based (Credit) formulations

Credit: 3.91 and 7.82 mg l⁻¹ GLY, Pivot: 0.05 and 0.10 mg l⁻¹ imazethapyr

96 h

Mortality, DNA damage

LC₅₀ = 78.18 mg l⁻¹ GLY and 0.99 mg l⁻¹ imazethapyr, increased GDI^k and DNA damage after individual and combined exposures, increased combined toxicity

[295]

B. faber and L. latrans

GLY-based (Roundup Original DI) and 2,4-D-based (Nortox) formulations

GLY: 65, 144, 280, 500, 1000 μg l⁻¹; 2,4-D: 4, 17, 30, 50, 74.5 μg l⁻¹ in combinations

7 d

Survival, body size, swimming activity, morphological effects, micronuclei and erythrocytes nuclear abnormalities

No effects on survival, altered length and body mass of L. latrans, affected swimming activity, erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities and damages in the intestine and mouth of tadpoles

[303]

S. natans

Cu²⁺ and GLY

Cu²⁺: 0, 0.2, 1, 5, 8, 10 mg l⁻¹, GLY: 0, 1, 5, 25, 50, 75 mg l⁻¹

7 d

Growth, morphological parameters, photosynthetic pigments, oxidative stress indicators, antioxidative enzyme activities (e.g., SOD, CAT)

Concentration-dependent combined effects on growth and physiological responses, antagonistic effects at low concentrations of copper and GLY, while synergistic at higher concentrations, increased level of malondialdehyde (Cu²⁺: 0.2–5 mg l⁻¹, GLY: 1–25 mg l⁻¹)

[307]

D. exilis

Cu²⁺ and Faena

1.04–1.57 mg l⁻¹ GLY and 2.45–4.31 µg l⁻¹ Cu²⁺ in combination

21 d

Survival, fecundity, macromolecule biomarkers, size of neonates

Decreased fecundity and number of clutches per female, delayed time at first reproduction, increased number of aborted eggs, reduced carbohydrate and lipid content, no effects on total length, decreased body length and width

[165]

D. magna

Binary mixture of GLY and silver nanoparticles)

GLY: 0–120 mg l⁻¹, (acute testing), 2.92–14.86 mg l⁻¹ (chronic testing); silver nanoparticles: 0–0.3 µg l⁻¹ (acute testing), 0.017–0.09 µg l⁻¹ (chronic testing)

48 h acute tests, 21 d chronic test

EC₅₀^l, reproductive parameters (e.g., release of the firs offspring, number of newborns

48-h EC₅₀GLY = 89.2 mg l⁻¹, 48-h EC₅₀ silver nanoparticles = 0.18 µg l⁻¹, higher combined toxicity on reproductive parameters (e.g., delayed release of the first offspring), no clear interaction in the combined multigenerational effects

[173]

P. reticulata

Maghemite nanoparticles (NPs^m) and a GBH (Roundup Original)

NPs: 0.3 mg l⁻¹, GBH: 65 and 130 µg GLY l⁻¹ in two combination

14 and 21 days

Genotoxicity and mutagenicity (DNA damage, nuclear alterations)

Clastogenic (DNA damage) and aneugenic (cell nuclear alterations) time-dependent effects, synergistic effects

[311]

O. niloticus

GBH (Roundup) and propolis nanoparticles

GBH (0.6 mg AIⁿ l⁻¹), propolis nanoparticles: 10 g l⁻¹

4 weeks

Growth, oxidative stress biomarkers, serum biochemical and immunological parameters

No effects on growth performance, altered immunological parameters, liver and kidney indicators, induction of oxidative stress, inhibited AChE activity, decreased white and red blood cell counts

[312]

P. reticulata

Iron oxide NPs, GLY, GBH (Roundup Original)

NPs (0.3 mg l⁻¹) in combination with GLY (0.65 mg l⁻¹) or GBH (0.65 and 1.30 mg l⁻¹)

21 d

Histopathological and histochemical parameters

Circulatory disturbances, activation of the immune system, inflammatory responses, decreased glycogen reserve, concentration-dependent ultrastructural changes

[313]

M. aeruginosa

GLY and polystyrene cationic amino-modified nanoparticles in combination

GLY: 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 7 mg l⁻¹, polystyrene nanoparticles: 3, 5, 10 and 20 mg l⁻¹ in combination

48–96 h

Growth, adsorption capacity for GLY, microcystin level

Antagonistic combined toxicity of GLY and polystyrene nanoparticles, high adsorption capacity of nanoparticles for GLY, no effects on total microcystin level

[314]

D. magna

Polystyrene nanoplastic and GLY

polystyrene nanoplastic: 15.6, 31.2, 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 mg l⁻¹; GLY: 6.2, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg l⁻¹ in combination

48 h (acute test), 21 d (chronic test)

Acute toxicity, ROS^o production, swimming behavior, reproduction

Synergistic effects on acute toxicity, increased immobility and ROS production, reduced swimming activity, altered multigenerational responses and reproductive parameters

[315]

D. magna

GLY acid, GLY-IPA^p, Roundup Gran in combination with two types of microplastics (polyethylene microbeads and polyethylene terephthalate/polyamide fibers)

GLY: 2.5 mg l⁻¹, microplastics: 2.2*10⁶ ml⁻¹ (microbeads), 10–30 ml⁻¹ (fiber)

7 d

Mortality

Increased mortality of GLY in the presence of microplastics

[316]

C. carpio

Polyethylene microplastics and GLY

GLY: 0, 5, 15 mg l⁻¹, microplastics: 0, 1.5, 4.5 mg l⁻¹ in combination

60 d

Growth, AChE activity, behavior parameters, microbiome

Inhibited growth and free-swimming behavior (15 mg l⁻¹ GLY and 4.5 mg l⁻¹ microplastics, no effects on blood–brain barrier permeability and AChE activity, damaged physical and chemical intestinal barriers, altered gut microbiota

[252]