Fig. 5

Characterization of metal contamination. The toxic units (TU_sum) are presented for different water resources including groundwater (GW: blue), canal water (CW: cyan), river water (RW: green) and drain water (DW: red). For the calculation of Toxic Units, we used LC₅₀ or EC₅₀ of algae, crustaceans and fish. The boundaries of the central box are the 25th and 75th percentiles; the horizontal line is the median; and the whiskers of the boxplot represent the minimum and maximum values. The black dashed line indicates the threshold limit for acute risks for algae, crustaceans and fish, whereas, the red dashed lines represent the threshold limit for chronic risks