Table 1 Some characteristics of the climate models used in the study

ACCESS-ESM1-5

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation/Australia

r1i1p1f1

1.9° × 1.2°

CanESM5

Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis, Environment and Climate Change/Canada

r10i1p1f1

2.81° × 2.81°

BCC-CSM2-MR

Beijing Climate Center/China

r1i1p1f1

1.13° × 1.13°

UKESM1-0-LL

Met Office Hadley Centre/UK

r17i1p1f2

1.88° × 1.25°

NorESM2-LM

Norwegian Meteorological Institute/Norway

r1i1p1f1

2.5° × 1.9°

NESM3

Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology/ China

r1i1p1f1

1.9° × 1.9°

MRI-ESM2-0

Meteorological Research Institute/Japan

r1i1p1f1

1.13° × 1.13°

MPI-ESM1-2-HR

Max Planck Institute for Meteorology/ Germany

r10i1p1f1

0.9° × 0.9°

MIROC6

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology/ Japan

r10i1p1f1

1.4° × 1.4°

IPSL-CM6A-LR

Institut Pierre Simon Laplace/France

r10i1p1f1

2.50° × 1.26°

INM-CM5-0

Institute for Numerical Mathematics/Russia

r10i1p1f1

2° × 1.5°

INM-CM4-8

Institute for Numerical Mathematics/Russia

r1i1p1f1

2° × 1.5°

HadGEM3-GC31-LL

Met Office Hadley Centre/UK

r1i1p1f3

1.86 × 1.25

GFDL-CM4

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/USA

r1i1p1f1

2.5° × 2.0°

FGOALS-g3

Chinese Academy of Sciences/China

r1i1p1f1

2° × 2.3°

CNRM-ESM2-1

Centre National de Recherches Meteorologiques/France

r1i1p1f2

1.41° × 1.41°

CNRM-CM6-1

Centre National de Recherches Meteorologiques/France

r10i1p1f2

1.41° × 1.41°

CESM2

National Center for Atmospheric Research/USA

r11i1p1f1

1.25° × 0.94°