Fig. 1

Number of pesticides (A), biocides (B) and industrial chemicals (C) on the EU market and candidates for substitution. For biocides (B), some active substances are included several times due to their use in different product types. For REACH-registered substances (C), the earliest date between first published date and last modified date has been used as a proxy for registration date. The REACH-registered substances show only chemicals with a full and active registration under REACH. Note that a logarithmic scale is used for REACH-registered substances. Data Sources: Pesticides—European Commission [78], Biocides—ECHA [44], Industrial Chemicals—ECHA [82, 84,85,86,87]