Association between probiotic consumption and serum perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): results from NHANES, 2003–2018

Environmental Sciences Europe

Table 2 Association between probiotic consumption and PFAS serum concentrations

PFAS	Model 1, β (95% CI)	P value	Model 2, β (95% CI)	P value	Model 3, β (95% CI)	P value
PFOA	− 0.46 (− 0.67, − 0.25)	< 0.001	− 0.43 (− 0.63, − 0.23)	< 0.001	− 0.19 (− 0.35, − 0.02)	0.027
PFNA	− 0.12 (− 0.20, − 0.04)	0.003	− 0.13 (− 0.21, − 0.05)	0.002	− 0.07 (− 0.14, 0.01)	0.072
PFOS	− 3.28 (− 4.31, − 2.26)	< 0.001	− 3.21 (− 4.23, − 2.19)	< 0.001	− 1.27 (− 2.23, − 0.32)	0.010
PFHxS	− 0.14 (− 0.36, 0.07)	0.181	− 0.07 (− 0.27, 0.13)	0.491	− 0.02 (− 0.22, 0.18)	0.865

PFHxS perfluorohexane sulfonic acid, PFNA perfluorononanoic acid, PFOA perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOS perfluorooctane sulfonic acid
Model 1: unadjusted
Model 2: adjusted for age, gender, and body mass index
Model 3: adjusted for age, gender, race, body mass index, highest educational level, marital status, poverty income ratio, smoking status, alcohol drinking, NHANES wave, and the intake of fish, meat, egg, energy, dietary folate equivalent, and dietary fiber
Bold type denotes P ≤ 0.05