Table 1 Population characteristics at baseline categorized by probiotic consumption (n = 9469)
Characteristica | Overall (n = 9469) | No exposure to probiotics (n = 8136) | Exposure to probiotics (n = 1333) | P valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 47.00 (34.00, 60.00) | 46.00 (33.00, 60.00) | 50.00 (37.00, 62.00) | < 0.001 |
Gender | < 0.001 | |||
Male | 4614 (48.50) | 4136 (50.72) | 478 (37.72) | |
Female | 4855 (51.50) | 4000 (49.28) | 855 (62.28) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.95 (24.26, 32.50) | 28.10 (24.40, 32.70) | 27.49 (23.89, 31.60) | 0.001 |
Race | < 0.001 | |||
Mexican American | 1425 (7.50) | 1254 (7.95) | 171 (5.30) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 1967 (10.24) | 1804 (11.31) | 163 (5.02) | |
Non-Hispanic White | 4445 (70.89) | 3700 (69.08) | 745 (79.71) | |
Other race | 1632 (11.37) | 1378 (11.66) | 254 (9.97) | |
Marital | 0.007 | |||
Married | 5004 (56.83) | 4243 (55.89) | 761 (61.41) | |
Other | 4465 (43.17) | 3893 (44.11) | 572 (38.59) | |
Education | < 0.001 | |||
≤ High school | 4421 (38.29) | 4007 (41.34) | 414 (23.48) | |
> High school | 5048 (61.71) | 4129 (58.66) | 919 (76.52) | |
PIR | < 0.001 | |||
< 1.30 | 2796 (19.54) | 2527 (21.23) | 269 (11.33) | |
1.30 to < 3.50 | 3619 (35.93) | 3175 (37.16) | 444 (29.97) | |
≥ 3.50 | 3054 (44.53) | 2434 (41.61) | 620 (58.70) | |
Fish (ounce/d) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.43) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.37) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.73) | 0.020 |
Meat (ounce/d) | 3.71 (2.19, 5.74) | 3.77 (2.27, 5.87) | 3.30 (1.92, 5.19) | < 0.001 |
Egg (ounce/d) | 0.23 (0.04, 0.89) | 0.23 (0.04, 0.89) | 0.22 (0.04, 0.88) | 0.900 |
Energy (kcal/d) | 1972.44 (1544.63, 2559.00) | 1975.00 (1533.71, 2571.50) | 1960.00 (1603.00, 2470.80) | 0.800 |
Dietary fiber (g/d) | 15.25 (10.75, 21.35) | 14.70 (10.45, 20.70) | 17.95 (13.00, 23.60) | < 0.001 |
Dietary folate equivalent (μg/d) | 466.00 (333.00, 657.00) | 462.00 (329.50, 652.50) | 480.00 (346.00, 679.02) | 0.047 |
Smoking status | < 0.001 | |||
Never | 5180 (55.10) | 4333 (53.56) | 847 (62.58) | |
Former | 2400 (24.83) | 2040 (24.24) | 360 (27.72) | |
Current | 1889 (20.06) | 1763 (22.20) | 126 (9.70) | |
Heavy alcohol consumption | 0.100 | |||
No | 7903 (79.68) | 6791 (80.19) | 1112 (77.20) | |
Yes | 1566 (20.32) | 1345 (19.81) | 221 (22.80) | |
PFOA (ng/mL) | 2.70 (1.67, 4.40) | 2.77 (1.67, 4.60) | 2.47 (1.50, 3.78) | < 0.001 |
PFNA (ng/mL) | 0.90 (0.55, 1.39) | 0.90 (0.57, 1.40) | 0.81 (0.50, 1.30) | 0.002 |
PFOS (ng/mL) | 9.40 (4.90, 17.30) | 9.80 (5.10, 18.00) | 7.50 (4.02, 13.48) | < 0.001 |
PFHxS (ng/mL) | 1.50 (0.90, 2.70) | 1.53 (0.90, 2.70) | 1.40 (0.80, 2.60) | 0.064 |
NHANES wave | < 0.001 | |||
2003–2004 | 1121 (11.89) | 1020 (12.96) | 101 (6.73) | |
2005–2006 | 1126 (12.84) | 1001 (13.48) | 125 (9.73) | |
2007–2008 | 1284 (11.93) | 1133 (12.31) | 151 (10.10) | |
2009–2010 | 1400 (12.34) | 1165 (11.97) | 235 (14.14) | |
2011–2012 | 1128 (12.21) | 953 (11.98) | 175 (13.33) | |
2013–2014 | 1176 (13.07) | 967 (12.62) | 209 (15.29) | |
2015–2016 | 1125 (12.90) | 929 (11.77) | 196 (18.37) | |
2017–2018 | 1109 (12.81) | 968 (12.92) | 141 (12.31) | |