Table 9 Proximate analysis and physicochemical characteristics of biochar from L. leucocephala and examples from the literature [63,64,65,66]
Materials | Pyrolysis Temp. (°C) | Moisture (%) | Ash (%) | Volatile matter (%) | Fixed carbon (%) | pH | EC (µS cm–1) | HHV (MJ kg–1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L. leucocephala | Raw material | 3.60 | 1.70 | 82.30 | 16.10 | – | – | 19.17 |
Biochar 400 | 400 °C | 3.10 | 12.59 | 44.45 | 39.86 | 8.64 | 1237 | 20.93 |
Biochar 500 | 500 °C | 4.00 | 14.09 | 28.93 | 52.99 | 9.67 | 3.66 | 23.14 |
Biochar 600 | 600 °C | 2.41 | 24.41 | 14.03 | 59.15 | 10.26 | 4.87 | 22.91 |
Hardwood sawdust | 500 °C | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Wood waste | 550 °C | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Pine wood chip | 465 °C | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Beech | Raw material | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Beech char 500 | 500 °C | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Beech char 600 | 600 °C | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Beech char 800 | 800 °C | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Pine | Raw material | 5.63 | 0.76 | 79.25 | 14.36 | – | – | – |
400 char pine | 400 °C | 3.23 | 2.06 | 29.37 | 65.34 | – | – | – |
600 char pine | 600 °C | 2.81 | 2.62 | 11.83 | 82.74 | – | – | – |
1000 char pine | 1000 °C | 1.97 | 3.88 | 3.26 | 90.89 | – | – | – |
Bamboo char | – | 21.60 | 25.00 | 11.70 | 41.70 | – | – | 24.99 |
Rice husk char | – | 5.00 | 42.90 | 19.80 | 32.30 | – | – | 15.82 |