Table 6 Properties physical and chemical of bio-oil of L. leucocephala pyrolysis in fluidized bed and other examples of bibliography
Characteristic | ASTM standard | Bio-oil L. leucocephala | Energy crops, L. leucocephala | Rice husk | Saccharina japonica | Pine sawdust | Waste furniture sawdust | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grade G | Grade D | Own study | Chanathaworn and Yatongchai [51] | Li et al. [52] | Kim et al. [53] | Chen et al. [54] | Heo et al. [45] | |
Biomass particle size, mm | – | – | 0.7–1.5 | < 1 | 0.3–0.9 | 0.3–0.5 | 0.2–0.6 | 0.7 |
Biomass moisture content, wt.% | – | – | 3.8 | 4.5 | 3.1 | 6.9 | < 4 | < 1 |
Temperature pyrolysis, °C | – | – | 500 | 500 (TiO2) | 500 | 350 | 500 | 450 |
Solids residence time, s | – | – | 3.5 | – | – | – | – | – |
Condensation system, °C | – | – | 3 steps: 90–20–20 | – | 3 steps: 300–80–20 | –20 | 4 steps: 20 | –25 |
Nitrogen flow, L min–1 | – | – | 24 | – | 330 | 18 | 60 | 5 |
Feed rate, kg h–1 | – | – | 1 | – | 5 | 0.1 | 3 | 0.15 |
Gross heat combustion, MJ kg–1 | > 15 | > 15 | 18.87 | 19.60 | 16.30 | 24.8 | 14.9 | – |
Water content, wt.% | < 30 | < 30,0 | 27.35 | 8.1 | – | – | 33.21 | 45.2 |
Solids content, wt.% | < 2.5 | < 0.25 | – | 0.24 | – | – | – | – |
Viscosity, mm2 s–1 (40 °C) | < 125 | < 125 | 13.56 | 11.42 | 5.57 | – | 9.1 | – |
Density at 20 °C, kg L–1 | 1.1–1.3 | 1.1–1.3 | 1.22 | 1.2 | 1.06 | – | – | – |
Sulphur content, wt.% | < 0.05 | < 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.015 | – | – | – | – |
Ash content, wt.% | < 0.25 | < 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.98 | – | – | – | – |
pH | – | – | 2.67 | 4.2 | 2.58 | 4.68 | 2.66 | – |
Flash point, °C | > 45 | > 45 | – | – | 88 | – | – | – |
Pour point, °C | < –9 | < –9 | – | – | 94 | – | – | – |