Table 2 Characteristics of the study population
Characteristics | Diabetic (%/P25,P75) | Nondiabetic (%/P25,P75) | \({x}^{2}\)/Z | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | ||||
Male | 194(53.0) | 1163(53.5) | 0.033 | 0.855 |
Female | 172(47.0) | 1010(46.5) | ||
Country of birth | ||||
America | 245(66.9) | 1537(70.7) | 2.152 | 0.155 |
Others | 121(33.1) | 636(29.3) | ||
Race | ||||
Mexican American | 69(18.9) | 331(15.2) | 19.818 | 0.001 |
Other Hispanic | 57(15.6) | 219(10.1) | ||
Non-Hispanic White | 99(27.0) | 785(36.1) | ||
Non-Hispanic Black | 85(23.2) | 467(21.5) | ||
Non-Hispanic Asians | 38(10.4) | 259(11.9) | ||
Others | 18(4.9) | 112(5.2) | ||
Age | ||||
18–39 | 28(7.6) | 790(36.4) | ||
40–64 | 172(47.0) | 976(44.9) | 178.808 | < 0.001 |
> 65 | 166(45.4) | 407(18.7) | ||
Ratio of family income to poverty | ||||
Low-income families | 136(37.2) | 666(30.6) | 6.142 | 0.013 |
Medium- to high-income families | 230(62.8) | 1507(69.4) | ||
BMI | ||||
< 18.5 | 66(18.0) | 419(19.3) | ||
18.5–24.9 | 100(27.3) | 635(29.2) | 1.244 | 0.545 |
≥ 24.9 | 200(54.6) | 1119(51.5) | ||
Education | ||||
Below high school | 102(27.9) | 415(19.1) | ||
High school graduate | 153(41.8) | 794(36.5) | 28.734 | < 0.001 |
College graduate or above | 111(30.3) | 964(44.4) | ||
Hypertension | ||||
Yes | 263(71.9) | 593(27.3) | 278.420 | < 0.001 |
No | 103(28.1) | 1580(72.7) | ||
High cholesterol level | ||||
Yes | 220(60.1) | 582(26.8) | 160.989 | < 0.001 |
No | 146(39.9) | 1591(73.2) | ||
n-PFOS (ng/mL) | 4.1(2.2,7.7) | 3.1(1.8,5.6) | − 4.461 | < 0.001 |
Sm-PFOS (ng/mL) | 1.9(1.0,3.4) | 1.3(0.7,2.4) | − 6.236 | < 0.001 |
∑PFOS (ng/mL) | 6.3(3.2,11.2) | 4.6(2.6,8.1) | − 5.441 | < 0.001 |