From: Enhanced detoxification methods for the safe reuse of treated olive mill wastewater in irrigation
Parameter | Raw OMWW | T1 (pH 2.6) | T2 (ZVIF 120 min) | T3 (EC 500 mA.cm−2) | Standard limits | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | MWE [70] | FAO [71] | |
EC (dS.m−1) | 8.15a | 0.23 | 5.71b | 0.36 | 4.99c | 0.16 | 3.26d | 0.22 | – | 3.00 |
TS (g.L−1) | 102.67a | 1.70 | 78.33b | 2.05 | 62.67c | 3.86 | 21.67d | 2.49 | 2.54 | 2.00 |
TOC (g.L−1) | 37.47a | 0.81 | 24.88b | 2.11 | 10.11c | 0.68 | 1.58d | 0.17 | – | – |
Total Carbohydrates (g.L−1) | 16.07a | 0.90 | 11.66b | 1.14 | 5.31c | 0.53 | 3.55c | 0.45 | – | – |
Total Phenols (g.L−1) | 14.70a | 0.54 | 9.38b | 0.44 | 3.63c | 0.27 | 0.31d | 0.02 | – | – |
Total Flavonoids (g.L−1) | 9.83a | 0.53 | 5.23b | 0.15 | 2.07c | 0.13 | 0.16d | 0.04 | – | – |
Total tannins (g.L−1) | 4.06a | 0.50 | 2.98b | 0.20 | 0.53c | 0.06 | 0.03c | 0.01 | – | – |
TN (g.L−1) | 0.301a | 0.029 | 0.210b | 0.043 | 0.113c | 0.054 | 0.035c | 0.011 | 0.015 | 0.030 |
TP (g.L−1) | 0.254b | 0.043 | 0.323a | 0.021 | 0.198bc | 0.020 | 0.183c | 0.019 | – | – |
K (g.L−1) | 1.677a | 0.198 | 1.350ab | 0.268 | 1.162bc | 0.119 | 0.778c | 0.039 | – | – |
Na (g.L−1) | 3.307a | 0.164 | 2.200b | 0.198 | 1.770b | 0.222 | 1.263c | 0.212 | – | – |
Ca (g.L−1) | 2.320a | 0.226 | 1.393b | 0.095 | 1.090bc | 0.078 | 0.843c | 0.095 | – | 0.40 |
Mg (mg.L−1) | 0.587a | 0.034 | 0.279b | 0.028 | 0.141c | 0.025 | 0.097c | 0.012 | – | 60 |
Fe (mg.L−1) | 0.663a | 0.033 | 0.379b | 0.025 | 0.107c | 0.012 | 0.040d | 0.009 | 5.00 | 5.00 |
Cu (mg.L−1) | 0.597a | 0.045 | 0.400b | 0.016 | 0.213c | 0.021 | 0.151c | 0.031 | 0.40 | 0.20 |
Mn (mg.L−1) | 0.160a | 0.008 | 0.090b | 0.008 | 0.053c | 0.012 | 0.027d | 0.005 | 0.20 | 0.20 |
Zn (mg.L−1) | 0.117a | 0.017 | 0.070b | 0.008 | 0.040c | 0.008 | 0.013d | 0.005 | 4.00 | 2.00 |