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Table 2 Physicochemical properties, some organic components, elemental profile of raw and treated OMWW and national and international standard limits

From: Enhanced detoxification methods for the safe reuse of treated olive mill wastewater in irrigation

Parameter

Raw OMWW

T1

(pH 2.6)

T2

(ZVIF 120 min)

T3

(EC 500 mA.cm−2)

Standard limits

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

MWE [70]

FAO [71]

EC (dS.m−1)

8.15a

0.23

5.71b

0.36

4.99c

0.16

3.26d

0.22

–

3.00

TS (g.L−1)

102.67a

1.70

78.33b

2.05

62.67c

3.86

21.67d

2.49

2.54

2.00

TOC (g.L−1)

37.47a

0.81

24.88b

2.11

10.11c

0.68

1.58d

0.17

–

–

Total Carbohydrates (g.L−1)

16.07a

0.90

11.66b

1.14

5.31c

0.53

3.55c

0.45

–

–

Total Phenols (g.L−1)

14.70a

0.54

9.38b

0.44

3.63c

0.27

0.31d

0.02

–

–

Total Flavonoids (g.L−1)

9.83a

0.53

5.23b

0.15

2.07c

0.13

0.16d

0.04

–

–

Total tannins (g.L−1)

4.06a

0.50

2.98b

0.20

0.53c

0.06

0.03c

0.01

–

–

TN (g.L−1)

0.301a

0.029

0.210b

0.043

0.113c

0.054

0.035c

0.011

0.015

0.030

TP (g.L−1)

0.254b

0.043

0.323a

0.021

0.198bc

0.020

0.183c

0.019

–

–

K (g.L−1)

1.677a

0.198

1.350ab

0.268

1.162bc

0.119

0.778c

0.039

–

–

Na (g.L−1)

3.307a

0.164

2.200b

0.198

1.770b

0.222

1.263c

0.212

–

–

Ca (g.L−1)

2.320a

0.226

1.393b

0.095

1.090bc

0.078

0.843c

0.095

–

0.40

Mg (mg.L−1)

0.587a

0.034

0.279b

0.028

0.141c

0.025

0.097c

0.012

–

60

Fe (mg.L−1)

0.663a

0.033

0.379b

0.025

0.107c

0.012

0.040d

0.009

5.00

5.00

Cu (mg.L−1)

0.597a

0.045

0.400b

0.016

0.213c

0.021

0.151c

0.031

0.40

0.20

Mn (mg.L−1)

0.160a

0.008

0.090b

0.008

0.053c

0.012

0.027d

0.005

0.20

0.20

Zn (mg.L−1)

0.117a

0.017

0.070b

0.008

0.040c

0.008

0.013d

0.005

4.00

2.00

  1. n = 3 and SD standard deviation. The means with same letters in the same column show insignificant difference at p ≤ 0.05