Table 5 Adverse events/effects—carcinogenesis

Cyran N 2008 b [32]**

T1: F1 mice

10

33.0% of the transgenic corn (NK603 x MON810) (formulated in accordance with basal diet, similarly hereinafter)

Ad libitum

22 months

1

1.Typical pathological findings

1. Cachexia, spleno- and hepatomegaly with diffuse or local infiltration with abnormal leukocytes

C1: F1 mice

10

33.0% isoline

2.Incidence of cancer

2. 2 mice of each group were still alive after almost 22 months. The common causes of death were cancer (leucosis)

R1: F1 mice

10

33.0% GM-free Austrian corn

Séralini GE 2014 [74]**

T1: male (virgin albino Sprague–Dawley rats, (similarly hereinafter)

20

Plain water and 11% of GM NK603 maize treated with Roundup

Ad libitum

2 years

1

The number of pathological abnormalities of mammary tumours in females (the number of rats reached was in parentheses while 10 rats per group were analysed)

GMO 11% + R (T2 group): 10 (6)

GMO 11% (T4 group): 15 (7)

GMO 22% + R (T6 group): 11 (7)

GMO 22% (T8 group): 10 (7)

GMO 33% + R (T10 group): 13 (9)

GMO 33% (T12 group): 15 (8)

C2: 8 (5)

C4: 20 (9)

C6: 16 (10)

C8: 12 (9)

T2: female

20

Plain water and 11% of GM NK603 maize treated with Roundup

T3: male

20

Plain water and 11% of GM NK603 maize not treated with Roundup

T4: female

20

Plain water and 11% of GM NK603 maize not treated with Roundup

T5: male

20

Plain water and 22% of GM NK603 maize treated with Roundup

T6: female

20

Plain water and 22% of GM NK603 maize treated with Roundup

T7: male

20

Plain water and 22% of GM NK603 maize not treated with Roundup

T8: female

20

Plain water and 22% of GM NK603 maize not treated with Roundup

T9: male

20

Plain water and 33% of GM NK603 maize treated with Roundup

T10: female

20

Plain water and 33% of GM NK603 maize treated with Roundup

T11: male

20

Plain water and 33% of GM NK603 maize not treated with Roundup

T12: female

20

Plain water and 33% of GM NK603 maize not treated with Roundup

C1: male

20

Plain water and standard diet from the closest isogenic non-transgenic maize control

C2: female

20

Plain water and standard diet from the closest isogenic non-transgenic maize control

C3: male

20

Control diet and water with 1.1*10–8% of R (the contaminating level of some regular tap waters)

C4: female

20

Control diet and water with 1.1*10–8% of R (the contaminating level of some regular tap waters)

C5: male

20

Control diet and water with 0.09% of R (US MRL of glyphosate in some GM feed)

C6: female

20

Control diet and water with 0.09% of R (US MRL of glyphosate in some GM feed)

C7: male

20

Control diet and water with 0.5% of R (half of the minimal agricultural working dilution)

C8: female

20

Control diet and water with 0.5% of R (half of the minimal agricultural working dilution)

Tang XQ 2019 [156]**

Sprague–Dawley rats

T: 48 (24/24)

Transgenic rice T2A-1 with cry2A* gene (60.75% during the growth period and 66.75% during the maintenance period, formulated in accordance with AIN-93 diet)

Ad libitum

52 weeks

1

Incidence of tumours

Only common spontaneous tumours in elderly SD rats were observed including 1 case of thyroid follicular adenoma, 1 case of renal tubular epithelial adenoma and 1 case of lipoma in the AIN-93 diet group, and 1 case of breast adenoma in the GM group

C: 48 (24/24)

Non-transgenic rice of parent ‘Minghui 63’ line (60.75% during the growth period and 66.75% during the maintenance period, formulated in accordance with AIN-93 diet)

R: 48 (24/24)

AIN-93 diet