Table 4 Studies published since February 1, 2015 and the completion of the EPA [3] and IARC [4] reviews of glyphosate and formulated GBH genotoxicity
Citation | Compound tested | Dose/concentration | Test target | Assay | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genotox assay type | |||||
Mammalian in vivo | |||||
Kasuba et al. [48] | Glyphosate technical | 0.5, 2.91 and 3.5 μg/mL | Human | CBMN assay, oxidative stress | Positive, oxidative stress (all conc.) |
Kasuba et al. [48] | Glyphosate technical | 0.5, 2.91 and 3.5 μg/mL | Human | HepG2 cells, oxidative stress | Positive, oxidative stress (all conc.) |
Milic et al. [49] | Glyphosate technical | 0.1, 0.5, 1.75 and 10 mg/kg/day | Wistar rat | COMET, DNA damage, leukocytes, liver cells | Positive, DNA damage in leukocytes and liver cells (all conc.) |
Mammalian in vitro | |||||
Luaces et al. [50] | Formulated GBH (Roundup Full II®) | 280, 420, 560, 1120 μmol/L | Armadillo | Chromosomal aberrations | Positive (all conc.) |
Luo et al. [51] | Formulated GBH (Roundup®) | Not provided in abstract | Human | L-02 hepatocytes, oxidative stress | Positive, oxidative stress |
Kwiatkowska et al. [52] | Glyphosate technical | 0.1–10 mM | Human blood cells | Comet assay, DNA damage | Positive, DNA damage (at 0.5–10 mM doses) |
Townsend et al. [53] | Glyphosate technical | 0.1 μM–15 mM | Human Raji cells | Comet assay, DNA damage | Positive, DNA damage (at doses above 1 mM) |
De Almeida et al. [54] | Formulated GBHs (Roundup® and Wipeout®) | 10–500 μg/mL | Human cancer cell lines | Comet assay, DNA damage | Positive, DNA damage (all conc.) |
Rice et al. [41] | Glyphosate technical and formulated GBHs | 0.0007–33 mM | Human HepaRG and HaCaT cell lines | Cell Titer-Glo, ROS-Glo and JC10, oxidative stress | Positive, oxidative stress (pure glyphosate ≥ 10 mM, formulations all conc.) |
Rossi et al. [55] | Formulated GBH (Roundup Full II®) | 0.026–0.379 mL/day | Armadillo | Chromosomal aberrations | Positive (all conc.) |
Santovito et al. [56] | Glyphosate technical | 0.5, 0.1, 0.05, 0.025 and 0.0125 μg/mL | Human lymphocytes | Chromosomal aberration and micronuclei | Positive (all conc.) |
Szepanowski et al. [57] | Glyphosate technical and formulated GBH | 0.0005–0.005% of culture medium | Human ganglia cultures | Myelination | Positive (all conc. of GBH) |
Wozniak et al. [34] | Glyphosate technical, formulated GBH (Roundup 360 PLUS®) and AMPA | 1 to 1000 μM | Human cells | Breaks, peripheral mononuclear cells, DNA damage | Positive, DNA damage (GBH ≥ 5 μM, glyphosate ≥ 250 μM, AMPA ≥ 500 μM) |
Non-mammalian in vivo | |||||
Schaumburg et al. [58] | Formulated GBH (Roundup®) | 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600 μg/egg | Salvator merianae (reptile) | Comet assay, DNA damage | Positive, DNA damage (≥ 100 μg/egg) |
Soloneski et al. [45] | Formulated GBH (Credit®) and formulated dicamba herbicide (Banvel®) | 5–10% formulation of GBHs | Rhinella arenarum larvae (amphibian) | SCGE, DNA breaks | Positive, DNA breaks (above 5%) |
Vieira et al. [59] | Formulated GBHs (in situ exposure) | Not provided in abstract | Prochilodus lineatus (fish) | DNA damage, erythrocyte abnormalities | Positive |
Burella et al. [60] | Formulated GBH (Roundup®) | 750, 1250, 1750 μg/egg | Caiman latirostris (reptile) | Comet, embryos, DNA damage | Positive, DNA damage (all conc.) |
de Moura et al. [61] | Formulated GBH (Roundup®) | Not provided in abstract | Leiarius marmoratusx/Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum (fish) | Micronucleus | Positive (≥ 1.357 mg/L) |
Hong et al. [62] | Glyphosate technical | 0, 4.4, 9.8, 44 and 98 mg/L | Eriocheir sinensis (crab) | Haemocyte DNA damage | Positive (> 4.4 mg/L) |
Lopez Gonzalez et al. [63] | Formulated GBHs (Roundup Full II® and PanzerGold®) | 500, 750, 1000 μg/egg | Caiman latirostris (reptile) | Micronucleus, embryos | Positive, embryos (≥ 1000 μg/egg) |
Hong et al. [64] | Formulated GBH (Roundup®) | 0.35, 0.70, 1.40, 2.80 and 5.60 mg/L | Macrobrachium nipponensis (shrimp) | Micronucleus | Positive (≥ 1.40 mg/L) |
Non-mammalian in vitro | |||||
Baurand et al. [65] | Formulated GBH (Roundup Flash®) | Range around EC50 values | Cantareus aspersus (snail) | DNA damage | Positive (≥ 30 mg) |
Perez-Iglesias et al. [66] | Glyphosate technical | 100, 1000 and 10,000 μg/g | Leptodactylus latinasus (frog) | Hepatic melanomacrophages–erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities | Positive (all conc.) |
Bailey et al. [67] | Formulated GBH (TouchDown®) | 2.7%, 5.5%, or 9.8% glyphosate | Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode) | Mitochondrial chain complexes, oxidative stress | Positive, oxidative stress (≥ 5.5%) |
de Brito Rodrigues et al. [68] | Formulated GBHs (Roundup® and glyphosate AKB 480) | Low doses not specified, high doses up to 37.53 mg/L | Danio rerio (fish) | Genotoxicity | Negative (lethal at high doses but no genotoxicity observed) |
Bollani et al. [69] | Formulated GBHs (in situ exposure) | Glyphosate ≤ 13.6 μg/L, AMPA ≤ 9.75 μg/L | Allium cepa (plant) | Micronucleus | Positive |
Santo et al. [70] | Formulated GBH (Roundup®) | 5.0 mg/L | Danio rerio (fish) | Micronucleus, oxidative stress | Positive, oxidative stress |
Glyphosate technicala | Number of studies | 11 | |||
Number positive | 11 | ||||
Percent positive | 100% | ||||
Formulated GBHsb | Number of studies | 19 | |||
Number positive | 18 | ||||
Percent positive | 95% | ||||
All new studies | Number of studies | 27 | |||
Number positive | 26 | ||||
Percent positive | 96% | ||||