Table 1 Genotoxicity assays on glyphosate and formulated GBHs by registrants (“Reg.”) and in public literature (“Pub.”)
Assay type and compound tested | Number of assays | Number of positives | Percent positive | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reg. | Pub. | Total | Reg. | Pub. | Total | Reg. (%) | Pub. (%) | Total (%) | |
Bacterial reverse mutation | |||||||||
Glyphosate technical | 23 | 4 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Formulated GBHs | 28 | 3 | 31 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 33 | 3 |
In vitro and in vivo mammalian gene mutation | |||||||||
Glyphosate technical | 4 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 50 | 17 |
Formulated GBHs | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 100 | 100 |
In vitro chromosomal aberration | |||||||||
Glyphosate technical | 4 | 5 | 9 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 60 | 33 |
AMPA | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 100 | 100 |
Formulated GBHs | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 50 | 50 |
In vitro micronuclei induction in mammals | |||||||||
Glyphosate technical | 0 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 67 | 67 |
In vivo chromosomal aberration | |||||||||
Glyphosate technical | 5 | 2 | 7 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 100 | 29 |
Formulated GBHs | 0 | 8 | 8 | 0 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 75 | 75 |
In vivo micronuclei induction in mammals | |||||||||
Glyphosate technical | 14 | 6 | 20 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 7 | 33 | 15 |
AMPA | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 100 | 100 |
Formulated GBHs | 15 | 13 | 28 | 0 | 7 | 7 | 0 | 54 | 25 |
DNA damage | |||||||||
Glyphosate technical | 2 | 27 | 29 | 0 | 23 | 23 | 0 | 85 | 79 |
AMPA | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 100 | 100 |
Formulated GBHs | 0 | 38 | 38 | 0 | 33 | 33 | 0 | 87 | 87 |
All assays | |||||||||
Glyphosate technical | 52 | 52 | 104 | 1 | 35 | 36 | 2 | 67 | 35 |
AMPA | 0 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 100 | 100 |
Formulated GBHs | 43 | 65 | 108 | 0 | 49 | 49 | 0 | 75 | 45 |
All tested compounds | 95 | 122 | 217 | 1 | 89 | 90 | 1 | 73 | 41 |