Concern | Exemplary data from the literature which prove the concern | Ref. |
---|---|---|
Environmental persistence | no degradation observed | [32] |
Findings and distributions in surface waters | n.d. – 3640 ng L−1 PFOA in river water | [2] |
0. 4 – 16 ng L−1 PFOA in lake water | ||
two orders of magnitude higher concentrations in coastal areas compared to open ocean waters | ||
15 – 192000 pg L−1 PFOA in oceans | [35] | |
flux of 14 t PFOA per year from rivers into oceans in Europe | [37] | |
1.2 g PFOA daily mass load from a WWTP (Germany) into a river | [38] | |
< MDL – 204 ng L−1 PFOA in a river (USA) | [39] | |
< LOD – 10.7 ng L−1 PFOA in a river (China) | [40] | |
Long-range transport and findings in remote regions | up to 3.4 ng g−1 ww PFOA in polar bears | [1] |
<LOD – 1.2 PFOA ng g−1 ww in fish from the Arctic | ||
n.d. – 0.14 ng g−1 ww PFOA in seabirds from the Arctic | ||
n.d. – 1.6 ng g−1 ww PFOA in whales from the Arctic | ||
0.44 – 1.4 pg m−3 in atmospheric particles from the Arctic | ||
13.1 – 520 pg L−1 in snow of ice caps from the Arctic | [41] | |
<30 – 182 pg L−1 in surface waters from the Arctic | ||
Findings and accumulation in food webs and top predators | 1.3 – 2.7 ng g−1 ww PFOA in waterbird liver | [42] |
increasing concentrations in polar bears, 0.6 – 14 μg kg−1 in 1990 and 11.8 – 17.6 μg kg−1 in 2006 | [43] | |
43 ng g−1 ww in blood plasma of dolphins | [4] | |
up to 6.2 ng g−1 ww in arctic ringed seal liver | [44] | |
<LOQ – 45 μg kg−1 PFOA in liver and < LOQ – 7.4 μg kg−1 PFOA in muscle tissue of wild boars | [45] | |
Findings in food | 2.6 ng g−1 PFOA in roast beef | [46] |
0.74 ng g−1 PFOA in pizza | ||
3.6 ng g−1 PFOA in microwave pop corn | ||
<0.25 – 4.4 ng g−1 ww PFOA in edible fish | [47] | |
Findings in drinking water | up to 519 ng L−1 PFOA (Germany, after use of contaminated soil improver) | [48] |
0.3 – 6.3 ng L−1 PFOA in tap-water (Spain) | [49] | |
<0.2 – 0.7 ng L−1 PFOA in bottled water | ||
1.0 – 2.9 ng L−1 PFOA (Italy) | [50] | |
0.65 – 2.5 ng L−1 PFOA (Norway) | [51] | |
mean 23 ng L−1 PFOA (Germany) | [13] | |
up to 13.3 μg L-1 PFOA in wells close to a fluoropolymer production facility | [52] | |
<0.5 – 9.7 ng L-1 PFOA (Australia) | [53] | |
Precursors in the environment | 27 pg m−3 8:2 FTOH in the atmosphere of the Northern Hemisphere | [54] |
7.8 pg m−3 8:2 FTOH in the atmosphere of the Southern Hemisphere | ||
8.1 – 17.4 pg m−3 8:2 FTOH in indoor air of residential houses | [55] | |
79 – 209 pg m−3 8:2 FTOH in stores selling outdoor equipment | ||
47 – 200 ng g−1 PAPs in wastewater treatment plant sludge | [24] | |
3 – 82 pg L−1 perfluorooctyl iodide (PFOI) in ambient air | [25] |